British Historians created the narrative that the civilization of the Indian subcontinent was backward, knowledge of culture, language, mathematics, medicine were only given to the ethnic population by the Aryan hordes ,who came from Europe and the steppes of Central Asia and conquered and settled here 1,500 BCE onwards. They also claimed that it was the British who “lifted us partially out of our miserable existence”! However, in the last decade,a very bright bunch of engineers, mathematicians, oceanographers, geneticists, geologists, bureaucrats and economists have stepped up to support the complex and often unrecognized work of our Archaeologists. I wish to acknowledge this very talented groups work (Nilesh Oak, Raj Vedam, Sanjeev Sanyal, Dr. Meenakshi Jain, Dr. Upinder Singh, Dr. Niraj Rai, C.R.Rao, S.M. Rao, Vasant Shinde, Sanjay Dixit , A.R. Chavda,SrikantTalegiri and many others). They have put forth very compelling evidence from multiple disciplines of science and mathematics to force a change in how our history needs to be rewritten, thereby restoring our faith in our cultural lineage and heritage.

To gain clarity we need to understand if there was any proof of the following:

• That the ethnic population of the Indian subcontinentwas annihilated by a conquering force possessing iron weapons, chariots, horses etc.Given that the current global belief on the start of the Iron Age is 1,300-1,000 BCE, how did the Aryans possess it in 1,500 BCE? Did the local ethnic population have horses, chariots and iron weapons too?
• If not the Aryans, then what made the Indus Valley (Sapt-Sindhu) population abandon their originally discovered locations of Rakhigarhi, Mohenjodaro, Harrappa, Lothal etc.?
• Were the Vedas, Ramayan and Mahabharat pure fiction or actual historical markers backed by credible evidence?
• Is there homogeneity or differentiation in the current genetic mix of the Indian population, and is the “Dravidian and Aryan” theory valid?

Let’s put this to the test of evidence that has emerged since 2,000CE.

Scientific Findings related to History of the Indian Subcontinent since 2,000 CE

1. About 76,000 years ago, a massive Toba-volcanic eruption took place in Indonesia in which sulfuric acid rained over the earth and about 3,000 km of land was covered with magma. Indian land was also showered by this volcanic ash, which remains deposited on the ground even today. In January 2018, stone tools were found in southern and northern parts of India, both below and above the ash. These tools were quite like the ones which humans created in Africa. Thus, it became clear that homo sapiens lived on Indian land even before that volcanic eruption.
2. The excavation in Narmada Valley, carried out by the Shridhar Vakankar Archaeological Research Institute in February and March of 2017, led to the discovery of about 350 archaeological remains which were around 50,000 years old.
3. The mythical river Saraswati has been rediscovered. Landsat images had shown water presence in channels 60 metres underground in the Jaisalmer area of Rajasthan. A map of all the channels discovered so far leads one to conclude that it was probably 1,500 km long, three to fifteen km wide and about five metres deep. A team of scientists led by S.M. Rao of BARC's Isotope Division studied the samples collected from different depths. Their dating suggests that the samples are as old as 20,000-40,000 years. The youngest sample dates back to 2,500 years. The river probably crisscrossed the present-day states of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan. Latest research indicates that the Saraswati was a perennial river connected to the Bander Poonch glacier in the Himalayas. Tectonic activityis also said to be the reason behind Saraswati's delinking from its source of water. The river eventually had a surface dry-up, and has existed below ground since 2,000 BCE. The river Ghaggar was earlier thought to be Saraswatiand samples were drilled to a depth of 3-10 metres on both banks of the current monsoon fed river over a 300 km distance. They revealed white/grey sand found in perennial snow-fed rivers and isotopes similar to that found in higher Himalayas. The ageing analysis of the perennial phase showed two phases from 80,000 to 20,000 and then 9,000 to 4,500 years ago. 1,500 out of 2,000 Harappan sites have been found on the banks of Saraswati and Ghaggar. It would be fair to surmise therefore that the Saraswati originated between 70,000-90,000 BCE, declined from 20,000 BCE, had a brief revival around 9,000 BCE and with declining monsoons disappeared by 2,000 BCE. These geological timelines are important when correlated with literature and astronomy.
4. Marine archaeology has found proof of Krishna's “mythical city” of Dwarka. Through the discoveries at Gulf of Cambay by the National Institute of Ocean Technology(NIOT) after spending weeks dredging the site and picking up over 2,000 artefacts, the NIOT team made some astonishing revelations. It found that the ruins under the sea were strung across a 9-km stretch on the banks of an ancient riverbed which even had signs of a masonry dam. The submerged city bore striking similarities to Indus Valley Civilisation sites in the mainland. One of its structures, an Olympic sized swimming pool, had a series of sunken steps that looked like the Great Bath of Mohenjodaro. Another rectangular platform was 200 m long and 45  m wide - as big as the acropolis found in Harappa. A larger granary-like structure made of mud plaster and extending to 183 m was discernible. URBAN SPRAWL: Sonar images show rows of rectangular foundations which may have been homesteads. Not far from these mammoth constructions were rows of rectangular basements that resembled the foundations of crumbled homesteads with outlines of a drainage system and mud roads. The artefacts recovered included polished stone tools, ornaments and figurines, broken pottery, semi-precious stones, ivory and the fossilized remains of a human vertebra, a jaw bone and a human tooth. The real stunner came when the team sent samples of a fossilized log of chopped wood to two premier Indian laboratories - the BirbalSahni Institute of Paleobotany(BSIP) in Lucknow and the National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) in Hyderabad - to determine its antiquity. The BSIP dated it as 5,500 B.C. But the NGRI found its sample to be much older: possibly dating back to 7,500 B.C.
5. The stretch of excavations over 550 hectares at Rakhigarhi (led by Vasant Shinde) in Haryana found across 9 separate mounds makes it the biggest excavation site of Harappancivilisation, almost double the size of Mohenjodaro (in Sindh,Pakistan). The oldest site dates back to 6,000-5,500 BCE, and the newest to 1,900 BCE. It shows a clear path of urbanization from hutments below ground level to use of bricks in construction in perfect ratios of 1:2:3 and 1:2:4. There is a separate citadel area, and a lower town with smaller dwelling units. All houses had open courtyards. There is a separate burial ground 1 km away where 62 graves (none of the dead show death due to weapons reinforcing the absence of battles) are found at different levels, 11at one and 38 at the second. Burial rituals were observed with all graves in a north to south direction, and bodies accompanied by pots containingrice, barley, millets.It showed that the Harappans were agriculturists.( In the Indian subcontinent, the only evidence of large agricultural settlements dating back to 7,500 B.C. were discovered in Mehrgarh in the Bolan river valley in Balochistan, now in Pakistan). Korean scientists who assisted in projecting appearance based on skeletons expected people to be tall, well built with sharp features. There is a separate mound which was the manufacturing area. Jewelry and artifacts have been found; the people had invented the tandoor for cooking. Pottery was made using ceramic material. There was also an iron foundry. This along with a 3,000 BC iron foundry found at Pinjore (largest in the world), moves the Iron Age by 2,000 years! 60-70% of Harappan DNA is present in today’s population in the Indian sub-continent showing a continuity of population to date (genetics study led by Niraj Rai).
6. Recent archaeological findings at Sanauli, Uttar Pradesh dated at 1,800 BCE have unearthed 15 chariots/pits and bronze articles and skeletons from which the Y chromosome has been analyzed. Skeletal remains at Pinjore (2,200 BCE) establish the existence of horses, and the excavation of the world’s largest iron foundry (3,000 BCE). Another Iron Foundry along with swords and knives dating back to 2,500-2,200 BCE has been discovered in Hyderabad, Telengana. This establishes that horses, chariots, iron implements existed well before the supposed appearance of the mythical “Aryan'' hordes in 1500 BCE.
7. Very interesting sites are being uncovered in Tamil Nadu (extreme south of India). In Killadi, in 2018-19 a site dating back to 2,800-2,500 BCE at a depth of 4.5 m was unearthed showing modern township patterns on the lines of later Rakhigarhi. Graffiti very similar to Harappa is seen. In fact, one Sanskrit alphabet is identifiable. Another submerged temple has been sighted just off the Mahabalipuramcoast, and is thought to be part of the original 7 Shore Temples of which only one exists on land today. Articles found includePandyan coins, Roman coins, terracotta figurines, ivory ornaments, metal tools, beads of agate, carnelian and quartz. It shows an active trade with Rome, reinforced with a Roman settlement excavated nearby, and Roman DNA being found in locals of that area.
8. In 2019, continuing excavations at an existing site in Dholavira, Gujarat found a burial site dating back to 4,600-5,500 BCE. 250 graves were found, and one skeleton is over 6 feet tall. Skeletons provide the basis for future genetic analysis.
9. After US satellite data showed an underwater structure like a bridge connecting Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka, the scientific validation for Ram Setu started. Teams under the leadership of Dr. Badrinarayan drilled 10 holes along the sides of the stone structure and found a three tier road with proper foundations. This structure is 35 km long and 3.5 km wide in a ratio of 10:1. This put paid to theories on questioning the Ramayan. Now let’s connect the archaeological findings with other disciplines.
10. The Rig Veda says that the Saraswati is the “Great River”, the Ramayan says that Sutlej has turned westwards and is now not flowing into the Saraswati, but into the Indus which is the “Great River”. The Mahabharat says that the Saraswati is sometimes arid and sometimes flooded indicating it is now a monsoon fed river. The Ramayana says that planet Abhijit is the Brahmrishi (Polestar). The Ramayan also has nearly 500 astronomylinked observations. Basis these observations, mathematician and astronomer Nilesh Nilakanth Oak with his associates has computed a timeline of pre 10,000 BCE, and most likely 12,200 BCE for the Ramayan. The Mahabharat before “the battle” observes that “planet Arundhati has gone ahead of Vashishtha”. This sequence happens once in 6,000 years. The timing coinciding with the recorded decline of river Saraswati in the Mahabharat is 5,561 BCE as per Nilesh’s calculations. Similarly, since all geological data shows the Saraswati in decline after 20,000 BCE, and Rig Veda calls it the “Great River”, Rig Veda has to be prior to 20,000 BCE. Now the Ramayan and Mahabharat both mention 3 Vedas only. It means the fourth Veda was written after 5,561 BCE (post Mahabharat). The Mahabharat says that Lord Krishna died 36 years after the “great battle”. The inundation of Dwarka would thus coincide with 5,525 BCE. The Ice Age ended in 10,000 BCE and waters in the Arabian Sea rose 125 m in the next 5,000 years, indicating a similar timeline. Columbia University geologists did a study which identified the creation of the Black Sea in 5,525 BCE+/- 100 years due to rise in ocean levels. Geological studies show an earthquake of 7+ intensity on the richter scale in the Dwarka area around 5,500 BCE which may also have contributed to a sharp rise in water levels. Proof of Dwarka and its timeline is proof of the Mahabharat too.
11. The Surya Siddhanta finds mention in the Mahabharat, was an advanced ready reckoner on astronomy ascribed to the Asura scholar Mayasur. Till it was translated, western astronomers had not recognized that the earth’s obliquity is not just an average of 23.4 degrees, but swings between 22.7 and 24 degrees and each cycle is 41,000 years. Nilesh Oak has computed based on some observations recorded based on longitudes, that the book was written in 12,000 BCE+/- 50 years. Dr. Anil Narayanan former Director of ISRO has computed based on latitudes that the year is closer to 7,500 BCE. In either case it is proof of an advanced mathematical knowledge base. Today no one in the scientific community questions the Surya Siddhanta, but will continue to say that the Mahabharat is a story!
12. The Sushruta Samhita, a book on surgical, medicinal, surgical equipment design practices by Sushruta again finds mention in the Mahabharat, and talks of Sushruta living in those times. In 1793, a nasal skin transplant was performed by a roadside potter in Pune on a soldier injured in war. The British Royal Association of Surgery explored and dumped the observation, but in 1816, German doctors got the book translated, and called the surgery “Rhinoplasty”. In 1907 the British translated it into English, used the contents, but dubbed the book as useless (Kulkarni and Oak)!

Now let us demolish the myth of the “Aryans'' who overran the ethnic population forcing them to migrate to South India. The Aryans “supposedly” wrote the Vedas after 1,500 BCE, introduced an advanced language called Sanskrit, and implemented the caste system. “The Aryans introduced agriculture, culture and trade to a primitive society”. This was the theory propounded by British employed historians like Mills and Max Mueller.

Thismanipulation of Indian history was prompted by the time-line of the Anglican Church which had 3,000 BCE as the timeline for Noah’s Ark, the destruction of the world and recreation thereafter. So how could they record a civilization in existence in  continuity before and after3,000 BCE invalidating their own stated beliefs based on the Revelations which stated that God destroyed all living creatures other than on Noah’s Ark? This would have eliminated their positioning as a Superior race!
They propounded the postulate that the Aryans wrote the Vedas and the followers of Vedic practices evolved as Hindus and were essentially raiders and plunderers. This justified their act that Islamic raiders had subdued the Aryan raiders, and that they (the British) had come to civilize both. Unfortunately,no explanations were ever provided as to how these fierce bands of Aryan warriors and their chariots crossed the Hindukush and Himalayan mountains, when centuries later Hannibal failed to successfully cross the much lower Alps!

Reverting to scientific evidence and conclusions:

Archeological evidence proves the following:

• Urban town planning and agriculture existed in the Indian subcontinent (proved conclusively at Rakhigarhi, Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Dholavira and Dwarka) even in 5,000 BCE.
• Iron existed in 3,000 BCE, horses from 2,200 BCE at least (Pinjore and Sanauli carbon dating).Swords and knives dating back to 1500 BCE were discovered at another large foundry in Hyderabad- Telengana.
• Vedic texts in Sanskrit have been time-lined between 5,500-20,000 BCE, Vedic practices existed at Rakhigarhi, Mohenjodaro, Harappa evidenced by seals and figurines.
• Advanced engineering skills are demonstrated by the Ram Setu.
• Advanced knowledge of mathematics and astronomy was demonstrated in Surya Siddhanta.
• Advanced medical knowledge demonstrated in texts of Sushruta, Charak etc.
• Migration of people from discovered sites is linked to the rising sea levels in the coastal areas like Dwarka, and the demise of Saraswati and decline of Ghaggar post 2,000 BCE.

The deathblow to the “Aryan theory” comes from the genetics studies done under Dr. Niraj Rai. The conclusions are:

• The Rakhigarhi sample has nothing in common with genes found in the Steppes.
• The Rakigarhi gene is found in outliers (not in the majority) in Iran and Turkmenistan. This implies that trade existed, families/guilds went and lived in these countries.
• Agriculture already existed in 5,500 BCE based on rice, barley, millets tested and was not introduced by the Aryans in 1,500 BCE.
• Genetic tests at Pinjoreconfirmed the presence of horses since 2,200 BCE.

In a further study covering 10,000 samples across India, the team concluded that the R1a gene, the main Haplos in Europe is present all over India. Yet the diversity present in India in this group is 4 times that of Europe.They have timed that this R1a gene has existed in India since 15,500 BCE whilst the oldest samples in Europe date back to 9,000 BCE. Until the Europeans find a sample that predates 15,500 BCE, we have to conclude that they have Indian ancestors and that there was an outward migration from the Indian subcontinent. It also demolishes the concept of Dravidians (Aravindan), as all Indians have a common gene pool and can be classified the same as Aryan, Dravidian or simply Indian.

Premendra Priyadarshi has established that the 12,000-year-old genome of mice originated from India, and mice are found all over the world. Now mice follow grain. It implies that trade with multiple global cities and empires existed, and grain was exported from the Indian subcontinent.

It is recorded in the Rig Veda that the Anu and Druhu tribes migrated from the Punjab area towards Gandhara and onwards around 9,000 BCE. It has been analyzed that the Kushans and Scythians had the R1a gene, implying their ancestors migrated from the Indian region, and then came back to conquer parts of India. They carried their language with them and perhaps came back with a more mature language (Dr. Meenakshi Jain). Similar genetics are found in the Mittani and the Kassites in what is Syria today. They had Vedic names, used Vedic Gods like Indra, Varun and Marut. Incidentally Neferitti, one of the most famous Egyptian queens, was the daughter of a Mittani king.

As Indian citizens we can now understand that British and Islamic writers in times gone by would write the perspective of the conqueror. We can also understand that Chinese travelers would write the perspective of the empire that was hosting their trip. Should our understanding of our own past continue to be based on what we now know as distorted representations? Our present day government must update our history based on facts that are emerging. Lessons from history can only be learnt if
recorded history is factually accurate. We owe that to ourselves.

British Historians created the narrative that the civilization of the Indian subcontinent was backward, knowledge of culture, language, mathematics, medicine were only given to the ethnic population by the Aryan hordes ,who came from Europe and the steppes of Central Asia and conquered and settled here 1,500 BCE onwards. They also claimed that it was the British who “lifted us partially out of our miserable existence”! However, in the last decade,a very bright bunch of engineers, mathematicians, oceanographers, geneticists, geologists, bureaucrats and economists have stepped up to support the complex and often unrecognized work of our Archaeologists. I wish to acknowledge this very talented groups work (Nilesh Oak, Raj Vedam, Sanjeev Sanyal, Dr. Meenakshi Jain, Dr. Upinder Singh, Dr. Niraj Rai, C.R.Rao, S.M. Rao, Vasant Shinde, Sanjay Dixit , A.R. Chavda,SrikantTalegiri and many others). They have put forth very compelling evidence from multiple disciplines of science and mathematics to force a change in how our history needs to be rewritten, thereby restoring our faith in our cultural lineage and heritage.

To gain clarity we need to understand if there was any proof of the following:

• That the ethnic population of the Indian subcontinentwas annihilated by a conquering force possessing iron weapons, chariots, horses etc.Given that the current global belief on the start of the Iron Age is 1,300-1,000 BCE, how did the Aryans possess it in 1,500 BCE? Did the local ethnic population have horses, chariots and iron weapons too?
• If not the Aryans, then what made the Indus Valley (Sapt-Sindhu) population abandon their originally discovered locations of Rakhigarhi, Mohenjodaro, Harrappa, Lothal etc.?
• Were the Vedas, Ramayan and Mahabharat pure fiction or actual historical markers backed by credible evidence?
• Is there homogeneity or differentiation in the current genetic mix of the Indian population, and is the “Dravidian and Aryan” theory valid?

Let’s put this to the test of evidence that has emerged since 2,000CE.

Scientific Findings related to History of the Indian Subcontinent since 2,000 CE

1. About 76,000 years ago, a massive Toba-volcanic eruption took place in Indonesia in which sulfuric acid rained over the earth and about 3,000 km of land was covered with magma. Indian land was also showered by this volcanic ash, which remains deposited on the ground even today. In January 2018, stone tools were found in southern and northern parts of India, both below and above the ash. These tools were quite like the ones which humans created in Africa. Thus, it became clear that homo sapiens lived on Indian land even before that volcanic eruption.
2. The excavation in Narmada Valley, carried out by the Shridhar Vakankar Archaeological Research Institute in February and March of 2017, led to the discovery of about 350 archaeological remains which were around 50,000 years old.
3. The mythical river Saraswati has been rediscovered. Landsat images had shown water presence in channels 60 metres underground in the Jaisalmer area of Rajasthan. A map of all the channels discovered so far leads one to conclude that it was probably 1,500 km long, three to fifteen km wide and about five metres deep. A team of scientists led by S.M. Rao of BARC's Isotope Division studied the samples collected from different depths. Their dating suggests that the samples are as old as 20,000-40,000 years. The youngest sample dates back to 2,500 years. The river probably crisscrossed the present-day states of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan. Latest research indicates that the Saraswati was a perennial river connected to the Bander Poonch glacier in the Himalayas. Tectonic activityis also said to be the reason behind Saraswati's delinking from its source of water. The river eventually had a surface dry-up, and has existed below ground since 2,000 BCE. The river Ghaggar was earlier thought to be Saraswatiand samples were drilled to a depth of 3-10 metres on both banks of the current monsoon fed river over a 300 km distance. They revealed white/grey sand found in perennial snow-fed rivers and isotopes similar to that found in higher Himalayas. The ageing analysis of the perennial phase showed two phases from 80,000 to 20,000 and then 9,000 to 4,500 years ago. 1,500 out of 2,000 Harappan sites have been found on the banks of Saraswati and Ghaggar. It would be fair to surmise therefore that the Saraswati originated between 70,000-90,000 BCE, declined from 20,000 BCE, had a brief revival around 9,000 BCE and with declining monsoons disappeared by 2,000 BCE. These geological timelines are important when correlated with literature and astronomy.
4. Marine archaeology has found proof of Krishna's “mythical city” of Dwarka. Through the discoveries at Gulf of Cambay by the National Institute of Ocean Technology(NIOT) after spending weeks dredging the site and picking up over 2,000 artefacts, the NIOT team made some astonishing revelations. It found that the ruins under the sea were strung across a 9-km stretch on the banks of an ancient riverbed which even had signs of a masonry dam. The submerged city bore striking similarities to Indus Valley Civilisation sites in the mainland. One of its structures, an Olympic sized swimming pool, had a series of sunken steps that looked like the Great Bath of Mohenjodaro. Another rectangular platform was 200 m long and 45  m wide - as big as the acropolis found in Harappa. A larger granary-like structure made of mud plaster and extending to 183 m was discernible. URBAN SPRAWL: Sonar images show rows of rectangular foundations which may have been homesteads. Not far from these mammoth constructions were rows of rectangular basements that resembled the foundations of crumbled homesteads with outlines of a drainage system and mud roads. The artefacts recovered included polished stone tools, ornaments and figurines, broken pottery, semi-precious stones, ivory and the fossilized remains of a human vertebra, a jaw bone and a human tooth. The real stunner came when the team sent samples of a fossilized log of chopped wood to two premier Indian laboratories - the BirbalSahni Institute of Paleobotany(BSIP) in Lucknow and the National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) in Hyderabad - to determine its antiquity. The BSIP dated it as 5,500 B.C. But the NGRI found its sample to be much older: possibly dating back to 7,500 B.C.
5. The stretch of excavations over 550 hectares at Rakhigarhi (led by Vasant Shinde) in Haryana found across 9 separate mounds makes it the biggest excavation site of Harappancivilisation, almost double the size of Mohenjodaro (in Sindh,Pakistan). The oldest site dates back to 6,000-5,500 BCE, and the newest to 1,900 BCE. It shows a clear path of urbanization from hutments below ground level to use of bricks in construction in perfect ratios of 1:2:3 and 1:2:4. There is a separate citadel area, and a lower town with smaller dwelling units. All houses had open courtyards. There is a separate burial ground 1 km away where 62 graves (none of the dead show death due to weapons reinforcing the absence of battles) are found at different levels, 11at one and 38 at the second. Burial rituals were observed with all graves in a north to south direction, and bodies accompanied by pots containingrice, barley, millets.It showed that the Harappans were agriculturists.( In the Indian subcontinent, the only evidence of large agricultural settlements dating back to 7,500 B.C. were discovered in Mehrgarh in the Bolan river valley in Balochistan, now in Pakistan). Korean scientists who assisted in projecting appearance based on skeletons expected people to be tall, well built with sharp features. There is a separate mound which was the manufacturing area. Jewelry and artifacts have been found; the people had invented the tandoor for cooking. Pottery was made using ceramic material. There was also an iron foundry. This along with a 3,000 BC iron foundry found at Pinjore (largest in the world), moves the Iron Age by 2,000 years! 60-70% of Harappan DNA is present in today’s population in the Indian sub-continent showing a continuity of population to date (genetics study led by Niraj Rai).
6. Recent archaeological findings at Sanauli, Uttar Pradesh dated at 1,800 BCE have unearthed 15 chariots/pits and bronze articles and skeletons from which the Y chromosome has been analyzed. Skeletal remains at Pinjore (2,200 BCE) establish the existence of horses, and the excavation of the world’s largest iron foundry (3,000 BCE). Another Iron Foundry along with swords and knives dating back to 2,500-2,200 BCE has been discovered in Hyderabad, Telengana. This establishes that horses, chariots, iron implements existed well before the supposed appearance of the mythical “Aryan'' hordes in 1500 BCE.
7. Very interesting sites are being uncovered in Tamil Nadu (extreme south of India). In Killadi, in 2018-19 a site dating back to 2,800-2,500 BCE at a depth of 4.5 m was unearthed showing modern township patterns on the lines of later Rakhigarhi. Graffiti very similar to Harappa is seen. In fact, one Sanskrit alphabet is identifiable. Another submerged temple has been sighted just off the Mahabalipuramcoast, and is thought to be part of the original 7 Shore Temples of which only one exists on land today. Articles found includePandyan coins, Roman coins, terracotta figurines, ivory ornaments, metal tools, beads of agate, carnelian and quartz. It shows an active trade with Rome, reinforced with a Roman settlement excavated nearby, and Roman DNA being found in locals of that area.
8. In 2019, continuing excavations at an existing site in Dholavira, Gujarat found a burial site dating back to 4,600-5,500 BCE. 250 graves were found, and one skeleton is over 6 feet tall. Skeletons provide the basis for future genetic analysis.
9. After US satellite data showed an underwater structure like a bridge connecting Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka, the scientific validation for Ram Setu started. Teams under the leadership of Dr. Badrinarayan drilled 10 holes along the sides of the stone structure and found a three tier road with proper foundations. This structure is 35 km long and 3.5 km wide in a ratio of 10:1. This put paid to theories on questioning the Ramayan. Now let’s connect the archaeological findings with other disciplines.
10. The Rig Veda says that the Saraswati is the “Great River”, the Ramayan says that Sutlej has turned westwards and is now not flowing into the Saraswati, but into the Indus which is the “Great River”. The Mahabharat says that the Saraswati is sometimes arid and sometimes flooded indicating it is now a monsoon fed river. The Ramayana says that planet Abhijit is the Brahmrishi (Polestar). The Ramayan also has nearly 500 astronomylinked observations. Basis these observations, mathematician and astronomer Nilesh Nilakanth Oak with his associates has computed a timeline of pre 10,000 BCE, and most likely 12,200 BCE for the Ramayan. The Mahabharat before “the battle” observes that “planet Arundhati has gone ahead of Vashishtha”. This sequence happens once in 6,000 years. The timing coinciding with the recorded decline of river Saraswati in the Mahabharat is 5,561 BCE as per Nilesh’s calculations. Similarly, since all geological data shows the Saraswati in decline after 20,000 BCE, and Rig Veda calls it the “Great River”, Rig Veda has to be prior to 20,000 BCE. Now the Ramayan and Mahabharat both mention 3 Vedas only. It means the fourth Veda was written after 5,561 BCE (post Mahabharat). The Mahabharat says that Lord Krishna died 36 years after the “great battle”. The inundation of Dwarka would thus coincide with 5,525 BCE. The Ice Age ended in 10,000 BCE and waters in the Arabian Sea rose 125 m in the next 5,000 years, indicating a similar timeline. Columbia University geologists did a study which identified the creation of the Black Sea in 5,525 BCE+/- 100 years due to rise in ocean levels. Geological studies show an earthquake of 7+ intensity on the richter scale in the Dwarka area around 5,500 BCE which may also have contributed to a sharp rise in water levels. Proof of Dwarka and its timeline is proof of the Mahabharat too.
11. The Surya Siddhanta finds mention in the Mahabharat, was an advanced ready reckoner on astronomy ascribed to the Asura scholar Mayasur. Till it was translated, western astronomers had not recognized that the earth’s obliquity is not just an average of 23.4 degrees, but swings between 22.7 and 24 degrees and each cycle is 41,000 years. Nilesh Oak has computed based on some observations recorded based on longitudes, that the book was written in 12,000 BCE+/- 50 years. Dr. Anil Narayanan former Director of ISRO has computed based on latitudes that the year is closer to 7,500 BCE. In either case it is proof of an advanced mathematical knowledge base. Today no one in the scientific community questions the Surya Siddhanta, but will continue to say that the Mahabharat is a story!
12. The Sushruta Samhita, a book on surgical, medicinal, surgical equipment design practices by Sushruta again finds mention in the Mahabharat, and talks of Sushruta living in those times. In 1793, a nasal skin transplant was performed by a roadside potter in Pune on a soldier injured in war. The British Royal Association of Surgery explored and dumped the observation, but in 1816, German doctors got the book translated, and called the surgery “Rhinoplasty”. In 1907 the British translated it into English, used the contents, but dubbed the book as useless (Kulkarni and Oak)!

Now let us demolish the myth of the “Aryans'' who overran the ethnic population forcing them to migrate to South India. The Aryans “supposedly” wrote the Vedas after 1,500 BCE, introduced an advanced language called Sanskrit, and implemented the caste system. “The Aryans introduced agriculture, culture and trade to a primitive society”. This was the theory propounded by British employed historians like Mills and Max Mueller.

Thismanipulation of Indian history was prompted by the time-line of the Anglican Church which had 3,000 BCE as the timeline for Noah’s Ark, the destruction of the world and recreation thereafter. So how could they record a civilization in existence in  continuity before and after3,000 BCE invalidating their own stated beliefs based on the Revelations which stated that God destroyed all living creatures other than on Noah’s Ark? This would have eliminated their positioning as a Superior race!
They propounded the postulate that the Aryans wrote the Vedas and the followers of Vedic practices evolved as Hindus and were essentially raiders and plunderers. This justified their act that Islamic raiders had subdued the Aryan raiders, and that they (the British) had come to civilize both. Unfortunately,no explanations were ever provided as to how these fierce bands of Aryan warriors and their chariots crossed the Hindukush and Himalayan mountains, when centuries later Hannibal failed to successfully cross the much lower Alps!

Reverting to scientific evidence and conclusions:

Archeological evidence proves the following:

• Urban town planning and agriculture existed in the Indian subcontinent (proved conclusively at Rakhigarhi, Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Dholavira and Dwarka) even in 5,000 BCE.
• Iron existed in 3,000 BCE, horses from 2,200 BCE at least (Pinjore and Sanauli carbon dating).Swords and knives dating back to 1500 BCE were discovered at another large foundry in Hyderabad- Telengana.
• Vedic texts in Sanskrit have been time-lined between 5,500-20,000 BCE, Vedic practices existed at Rakhigarhi, Mohenjodaro, Harappa evidenced by seals and figurines.
• Advanced engineering skills are demonstrated by the Ram Setu.
• Advanced knowledge of mathematics and astronomy was demonstrated in Surya Siddhanta.
• Advanced medical knowledge demonstrated in texts of Sushruta, Charak etc.
• Migration of people from discovered sites is linked to the rising sea levels in the coastal areas like Dwarka, and the demise of Saraswati and decline of Ghaggar post 2,000 BCE.

The deathblow to the “Aryan theory” comes from the genetics studies done under Dr. Niraj Rai. The conclusions are:

• The Rakhigarhi sample has nothing in common with genes found in the Steppes.
• The Rakigarhi gene is found in outliers (not in the majority) in Iran and Turkmenistan. This implies that trade existed, families/guilds went and lived in these countries.
• Agriculture already existed in 5,500 BCE based on rice, barley, millets tested and was not introduced by the Aryans in 1,500 BCE.
• Genetic tests at Pinjoreconfirmed the presence of horses since 2,200 BCE.

In a further study covering 10,000 samples across India, the team concluded that the R1a gene, the main Haplos in Europe is present all over India. Yet the diversity present in India in this group is 4 times that of Europe.They have timed that this R1a gene has existed in India since 15,500 BCE whilst the oldest samples in Europe date back to 9,000 BCE. Until the Europeans find a sample that predates 15,500 BCE, we have to conclude that they have Indian ancestors and that there was an outward migration from the Indian subcontinent. It also demolishes the concept of Dravidians (Aravindan), as all Indians have a common gene pool and can be classified the same as Aryan, Dravidian or simply Indian.

Premendra Priyadarshi has established that the 12,000-year-old genome of mice originated from India, and mice are found all over the world. Now mice follow grain. It implies that trade with multiple global cities and empires existed, and grain was exported from the Indian subcontinent.

It is recorded in the Rig Veda that the Anu and Druhu tribes migrated from the Punjab area towards Gandhara and onwards around 9,000 BCE. It has been analyzed that the Kushans and Scythians had the R1a gene, implying their ancestors migrated from the Indian region, and then came back to conquer parts of India. They carried their language with them and perhaps came back with a more mature language (Dr. Meenakshi Jain). Similar genetics are found in the Mittani and the Kassites in what is Syria today. They had Vedic names, used Vedic Gods like Indra, Varun and Marut. Incidentally Neferitti, one of the most famous Egyptian queens, was the daughter of a Mittani king.

As Indian citizens we can now understand that British and Islamic writers in times gone by would write the perspective of the conqueror. We can also understand that Chinese travelers would write the perspective of the empire that was hosting their trip. Should our understanding of our own past continue to be based on what we now know as distorted representations? Our present day government must update our history based on facts that are emerging. Lessons from history can only be learnt if
recorded history is factually accurate. We owe that to ourselves.