India has surpassed China (142.57 crore) to become the world’s most populous nation with 142.86 crore people, according to  United Nations Population Fund, but the news has come with a demographic dividend —about 50 percent of India’s population is below the age of 25 years.

According to the UNFPA’s State of World Population (SWP) Report 2023, about 25 percent of India’s population is in the age group of 0-14 years, 18 percent in the 10 to 19 age group, 26 percent in the age bracket of 10 to 24 years, 68 percent in 15 to 64 years age group, and 7 percent above 65 years, said United Nations Population Fund India representative Andrea Wojnar.

The UN projections estimate that the country’s population is expected to grow for the next three decades after which it will begin declining.

The population demographics of India vary from State to State. UN analysis has revealed that Kerala and Punjab have an aging population, while Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have a young population.

This is the first time that India has topped the UN list of most populous countries since it started collecting population data in 1950. According to the United Nations’ World Population Prospects-2022, India’s population was 86.1 crore while China’s population was 114.4 crore in 1950.

The report further states that by 2050, India’s population is expected to rise to 166.8 crore while China’s population would dip to 131.7 crore.

The United Nations (UN) on Tuesday announced that the world population meter recorded the eight billion mark. In a statement, the UN attributed the growth to human development, with people living longer thanks to improvements in public health, nutrition, personal hygiene and medicine.

It also added that it is the result of higher fertility rates, particularly in the world's poorest countries, as well. 
Now amidst this announcement, internet users reacted to this news with hilarious memes and messages. While some users shared live recordings of the moment when the count hit the eight billion mark, others jokingly wrote, "8 Billion people and I'm still alone". 

What is Global Warming? 

Every one of us is familiar with the term Global Warming. But, we are still not clear on its meaning. Hence, in layman’s language, global warming means a gradual rise in the overall temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere. There are various activities taking place which have been increasing the temperature gradually. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the global annual temperature has increased in total by a little more than 1*C. Controlling global warming; however, is not unmanageable. The first and foremost step in controlling global warming is to identify its root cause.

Causes of Global Warming: It can be either  1) Natural like the release of greenhouse gases, or the eruption of volcanoes etc. 2) Man-made including fossil fuel, intensive farming, waste disposal, overconsumption, mining, excessive use of automobiles etc. 

Effects of Global Warming:1) The increase in temperature and climate change disturbs the animal and plant reproduction cycle resulting in the disappearance of many endangered and endemic species of plants and animals.

2) Melting of ice at poles
3) Increase in the sea level
4) Scarcity of food and energy for consumption
5) Untimely and excess floods, drought, hurricanes, cloud bursts etc

Prevention of Global Warming :

Overcoming global warming is not an impossible task, but it can be controlled or stopped when combined efforts are put in. For that, both individuals and governments have to take steps to make it possible. 

Ours is a vast country with the biggest geographical area spread from Kashmir to Kanyamkumari and from Gujarat to Assam. At every point or corner of this country, there are many means and ways, where we can work to reduce global warming to restore the balance of nature. 

For this, firstly we have to carry out a detailed study of the weather and soil condition of these areas and should grow commercial and traditional trees suitable to that habitat. 
Secondly, there was a time, when our country was abundant in rivers and lakes. Now with the passage of time and in the name of development, deforestation took place by cutting trees and plants. This has resulted in lesser rain and the death of rivers and lakes. So, in order to restore these, all rivers are to be recharged and bought to life.

Thirdly, the boring of wells in hilly areas should be banned and stopped. Due to boring activity in hilly areas, the moisture level of soil below the ground becomes lower resulting in the weakening of the roots of the trees which leads to the uprooting of trees. All these results in the devastating of hills and the felling of mountainous rocks. To overcome this, we should build a retaining wall along the border of these hills while developing roads. Once these retaining walls are built, they will prevent the fall of these mountainous rocks and helps in maintaining the moisture of the soil. Also, provisions should be made to grow more and more creepy plants along these to hold the soil tightly and properly.

Fourthly, mangroves should be developed and maintained below the sea, so that the sea animals, reptiles, amphibians, and creatures should sustain their life and can maintain the ecology of nature. With all these, we can reduce global warming of the earth and can restore the balance of nature for future generations. 

Apart from all these, other common ways and means to reduce global warming are:
 
1) Reduction of greenhouse gas.
2) Moving towards renewable energy like solar, wind, biomass etc.
3) Use of energy-efficient equipment and water-saving techniques.
4) Encouraging the use of more and more public transport and carpooling.
5) Reducing CO2 by implementing electric and hybrid vehicles.
6) Reducing CO2 from building by using the sustainable infrastructure.
7) Develop a responsible consumption habit, may it be food, clothing, cosmetics etc.
8) Encourage them to use more and more natural resources.  

The global population is projected to reach 8 billion on November 15, with India projected to surpass China as the most populous country in 2023, the UN said on Monday on the World Population Day.

"It is a reminder of our shared responsibility to care for our planet and a moment to reflect on where we still fall short of our commitments to one another," said UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres.

The growth rate is at its slowest since 1950, having fallen under 1 per cent in 2020, according to the World Population Prospects 2022.

The world's population could grow to around 8.5 billion in 2030 and 9.7 billion in 2050 and peak at around 10.4 billion during the 2080s, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa are expected to contribute more than half of the increase through 2050, said the report.

More than half of the projected increase up to 2050 will be concentrated in eight countries: Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines and Tanzania, it added.

"Rapid population growth makes eradicating poverty, combatting hunger and malnutrition, and increasing the coverage of health and education systems more difficult. Conversely, achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, especially those related to health, education and gender equality, will contribute to reducing fertility levels and slowing global population growth," said Liu Zhenmin, UN Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs.

Fertility has fallen markedly in recent decades for many countries, the report said, noting that two-thirds of the global population today lives in a country or area where lifetime fertility is below 2.1 births per woman, roughly the level required for zero growth in the long run for a population with low mortality, Xinhua news agency reported.

Due to sustained low levels of fertility and, in some cases, elevated rates of emigration, the population of 61 countries or areas are projected to decrease by 1 per cent or more between 2022 and 2050, it said.

The share of the global population at 65 and above is projected to rise from 10 per cent in 2022 to 16 per cent in 2050, it said.

"Countries with aging populations should take steps to adapt public programmes to the growing proportions of older persons, including by improving the sustainability of social security and pension system and by establishing universal health care and long-term care systems," the report noted.

The average global longevity is projected to be around 77.2 years in 2050 with further reductions in mortality, as 2019 saw a global life expectancy at birth of 72.8 years, an improvement of nearly nine years since 1990.

However, in 2021, global life expectancy at birth fell to 71 years, mostly due to the Covid-19 pandemic, and the life expectancy in the least developed countries lagged seven years behind the global average.

Since 1990, World Population Day has been observed on July 11 to raise awareness of issues related to population growth around the world.

Human activity and behaviour, on top of climate change, are contributing to an increasing number of disasters across the world, finds a UN report.

The number of medium- to large-scale disaster events is projected to reach 560 a year, or 1.5 disasters a day, by 2030 if the current trends continue, according to the Global Assessment Report released by the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) on Tuesday, Xinhua news agency reported.

An additional estimated 37.6 million people will be living in conditions of extreme poverty due to the impact of climate change and disasters by 2030. A worst-case scenario will push an additional 100.7 million people into poverty by 2030, according to the report.

Between 350 and 500 such disasters took place every year over the past two decades. This is five times higher than the previous three decades. The cost of these disasters has averaged nearly $170 billion per year over the last decade, says the report.

This impact is focused on low-income and lower-middle-income countries, which lose on an average 1 per cent of their national GDP to disasters per year, compared to 0.1 per cent and 0.2 per cent in high-income countries and upper-middle-income countries, respectively.

The greatest share of economic loss is borne within the Asia-Pacific region. Countries in this region lose on an average 1.3 per cent of GDP to disasters each year. Africa is the second-most affected region, losing an average of 0.6 per cent of GDP to disasters, the report added.

Despite the fact that more countries are adopting disaster risk reduction strategies, more people have been killed or affected by disasters in the last five years than in the previous five, it says.

"There is no time to waste. The current uncertainties around our world must not be a barrier to action. Delay is not an option. We can no longer afford delaying investments in disaster risk reduction. The systemic challenges of the 21st century require systemic thinking, coordination and response if we are to create a more sustainable, more resilient, and more equitable future for all," said UN Deputy Secretary-General Amina Mohammed, who presented the report at UN headquarters in New York.

Mami Mizutori, Head of UNDRR, said at the launch of the report, "If we want to significantly reduce disaster losses by 2030, then we must face the fact that the next eight years require transformation in governance, finance and behavior."

New Delhi, July 23 (IANS) Bharatiya Janata Party MP from Uttar Pradesh Ravi Kishan and a few other MPs in the Lok Sabha are going to introduce a Private Member Bill on population control on Friday.

According to the List of Business prepared for the proceedings of the Lok Sabha on Friday, between 3.30 p.m. and 6 p.m., many MPs will bring Bills on different subjects.

Lok Sabha MPs Ravi Kishan, Sushil Kumar Singh, Vishnu Dayal Ram and Dr Alok Kumar Suman have informed the House about introducing the Private Member Bill on population control.

There has been a long-standing demand for strict laws to control the population in the country. Some states have started taking initiatives in this direction.

Uttar Pradesh and Assam have made preparations to give shape to the rules and regulations for population control in their states.

New Delhi, July 12 (IANS) The majority of respondents in the IANS-CVoter Live Tracker say the time has come to bring a population control law for the entire country. The Yogi Adityanath government of Uttar Pradesh is preparing to bring a population control law in the state.

To a question in the survey on do you think the time has come to bring the population control law for the entire country, 52.14 percent said the time has come to bring population control law for the entire country.

On the other hand, 38.03 percent said there is no need to bring population control laws for the entire country, and such laws should be introduced only in the states with more population.

The sample size of the survey is 1,225. CVoter NewsTracker Surveys in India are based on a national representative random probability sample as used in the globally standardised RDD CATI methodology, covering all geographic and demographic segments across all states. This daily live tracker survey is based on interviews of adult (18+) respondents across all socio-economic segments. The data is weighted to the known census profile. The standard margin of error: +/- 3 percent at National trends and +/- 5 percent at Regional/Zonal trends with 95 percent confidence level.

Union Road Transport and Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari has said that the surging petrol prices are 'agitating' people, and given the formula to bring down the fuel price to Rs 60-65/litre. Gadkari said more use of ethanol would bring respite from increasing petrol price.

Following this, 49.6 per cent of respondents said Gadkari should be given charge of the Petroleum Ministry as well while 34.5 percent said the new Petroleum Minister Hardeep Singh will handle the affairs of the ministry efficiently and effectively.

Ahead of the 2022 Assembly elections in different states, while AAP leader and Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal has announced to give free electricity in Uttarakhand, SP leader Akhilesh Yadav has promised free electricity in Uttar Pradesh.

To this, 50.29 per cent of respondents in the survey said the promise of free electricity is becoming a winning formula for elections while 35.28 per cent said no, that a party can't win elections just by the promise of free electricity. As many as 50.92 percent said providing free electricity affects the revenue of the states, which affects other essential services that are provided to the public.

With Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU) leader Gurnam Singh Chadhuni's proposal to contest the upcoming Punjab Assembly elections, rejected by the Samyukt Kisan Morcha, 54.3 per cent respondents said farmers should launch a political platform and contest the Punjab Assembly elections to carry forward the fight for the rights of the farming community while 35.4 percent said farmers issues will not be solved by contesting Punjab Assembly elections.

The Haryana government has decided to open schools for students of classes 9 to 12 from July 16 even as the threat of the third wave of Corona is not over yet. To a question on do you think in such a situation, schools should be opened now, 47.1 per cent said no, schools should not be opened now while 44.02 percent said schools should be reopened.

After the Punjab and Haryana unit of Congress, now infighting is being witnessed in the party's Chhattisgarh unit as well, and 48.33 per cent said the Congress leadership is consistently failing to resolve the infighting in state units of the party.

Uttar Pradesh chief minister Yogi Adityanath on Sunday unveiled the new population policy 2021-30, on the occasion of World Population Day.

Through the proposed policy, efforts will be made to increase the accessibility of contraceptive measures issued under the Family Planning Programme and provide a proper system for safe abortion and on the other hand, through improved health facilities, efforts will be made for population stabilization by providing accessible solutions to impotence/infertility and reducing the infant and maternal mortality rate.

Speaking on the occasion, the chief minister said that bringing the bill is necessary to control and stabilize the population to promote sustainable development with more equitable distribution.

He also underlined the need or creating awareness among the people on this issue.

In the new Population Policy, a target has been set to bring the birth rate to 2.1 per thousand population by 2026 and to 1.9 by 2030.

One of the key points in the new policy is to make comprehensive arrangements for the care of the elderly, apart from better management of education, health, and nutrition of adolescents between 11 to 19 years.

The period of Population Policy 2000-16 of the state has ended and now a new policy is the need of the hour.

The new policy has an innovative proposal to set up 'Health Clubs' in schools with the awareness efforts for population stabilization, as well as a system for digital tracking of infants, adolescents, and elderly people in line with the spirit of the Digital Health Mission.

While preparing the new population policy, efforts have been made to maintain the - demographic balance in all the communities; easy availability of advanced health facilities, and to bring down the maternal and child mortality rate to the minimum level through proper nutrition.

Meanwhile, the State Law Commission has also prepared the draft of the Uttar Pradesh Population (Control, Stabilization, and Welfare) Bill-2021, on which the public can give suggestions till July 19.

In the draft of the Uttar Pradesh Population (Control, Stabilization, and Welfare) Bill-2021 issued by the State Law Commission, 'Bacche Do He Acche' has been highlighted.

According to the proposal, parents who limit their family to only two children and are in government service and undergoing voluntary sterilization will be given facilities like two additional increments, promotion, the exemption in government housing schemes, increasing employer contribution in PF.

There are also provisions to provide exemptions in water, electricity, house tax, home loan, and other such facilities to couples with two children who are not in government jobs.

If the law is implemented, then within a year, all government officials, employees, and elected representatives of local bodies will have to give an affidavit that they will not violate this policy. Ration cards would be limited to four units.

It is proposed in the draft that the election can be cancelled if the rules are broken.

The single child will get preference in admission in all educational institutions including but not limited to the Indian Institute of Management and All India Institute of Management Science.

Free education up to graduation level, scholarship for higher studies in case of a girl child and preference to the single child in government jobs are other benefits which couples with a single child will receive.

The draft bill further explains, "(a) The personal law governing A allows polygamy. A has three wives B, C and D. A and B, A and C, and A and D shall be counted as three distinct married couples so far as the status of B, C, and D is concerned but as far as the status of A is concerned, it shall be counted as one married couple for the purpose of calculation of a cumulative number of children. For example, A has one child from B, two children from C and one child from D, the total number of children of A shall be four. (b) The personal law governing B allows polyandry. B has two husbands A and C. B and A shall be counted as one married couple. B and C shall be counted as another married couple."

This Act shall be called the Uttar Pradesh population (Control, stabilization, and Welfare) Act, 2021, and it will extend to the whole of the state. It will come into force after one year from the date of publication in the Gazette.

A State Population Fund would be constituted, and it will be utilized to implement this Act.

(Courtesy: IANS)

Guwahati/Agartala, July 4 (IANS) Despite criticism, Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma continues to insist on a population policy with a two-child norm and adoption of decent family planning norms by the immigrant Muslims to eradicate poverty in the northeastern state.

The main opposition Congress slamming the Chief Minister for his remarks on controlling the population of Assam said that Sarma's statement in the context of population 'explosion' in the state is "misinformed and misleading".

The Population Foundation of India (PFI), an NGO, said that India and its states must learn from China's failed experience with enforcing coercive population policies, which have created a population crisis in China today.

In a series of statements and speeches after taking over as the 15th Chief Minister of Assam on May 10, Sarma has been saying that his government would take specific policy measures to decelerate the growth of the minority Muslim population with the aim to eradicate poverty and illiteracy.

"Assam has been able to maintain its annual population growth at 1.6 percent, but it is found in the 2001 and 2011 Census that the Muslim population is growing at a rate of 29 percent (decadal).

"In contrast, Hindu population has come down from 22 percent to 16 percent and further reduced to 10 percent during the latest censuses," the Chief Minister said.

He said that the high population growth caused poverty and illiteracy among the Muslim community.

"If the Muslim community checks the population growth and if they properly avail the scope of government policies like free education for girls till the university level, financial inclusion for minority women, reservation in panchayats and government jobs, and establishment of colleges and universities for women in minority areas, the minority community would also be developed."

Sarma said that he is in constant touch with various leaders of Muslim society. "If the government takes some steps, they would always be interpreted on political lines even though this is not a political issue," he pointed out.

Assam Congress' Media Department Chairperson Bobbeeta Sharma said that as per the latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS) undertaken by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and released in December 2020, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) across most Indian states has declined in the last five years.

"The total fertility rate is defined as the average number of children that would be born to a woman by the time she ends childbearing age. A TFR of 2.1 is known as the replacement rate. The fertility rate of less than 2.1 implies that the total population will be less than the existing population which is also called the negative growth rate," Sharma told IANS.

She said that as per the same survey the fertility rate of women in Assam has declined from 2.2 in 2015-16 to 1.9 in 2020-21. As 1.9 is less than 2.1, it means the future population of Assam will only be less than the current population.

"Hence there is no question of an increase in population as per the Ministry's data."

The Congress leader said that if the Chief Minister is referring to the "population explosion" that may happen in the future due to immigration of people from Bangladesh and Pakistan because of the implementation of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act then perhaps his concern is valid.

Muslims comprise 34.22 percent of the 3.12 crore population of Assam, of which 4 percent are indigenous Assamese Muslims and the remaining are mostly Bengali-speaking Muslims.

Muslim votes are a determining factor in at least 30 to 35 seats out of the total 126 assembly seats.

Of Assam's 34 districts, 12 percent or more Muslim population resides in 19 districts and in six districts (out of 19 districts) the Muslim population constitutes 50 percent or more.

An official document said that the population of India is expected to exceed that of China around 2027 as per the World Population Prospects 2019 Report.

Population Foundation of India Executive Director Poonam Muttreja said that India and its states must learn from China's failed experience with enforcing coercive population policies, which have created a population crisis in China today.

She said that while the average national fertility rate has dropped to the replacement rate, in some states, such as Sikkim and Lakshadweep, the challenges of an aging population, shrinking labour workforce, and increased sex-selective practices, are attributed to the total fertility rate being well below the replacement level.

"In reaction to a so-called 'explosive' population growth, a number of states already have or are considering implementing policies that disallow individuals with more than two children from contesting panchayat elections, holding government jobs, or accessing benefits," Muttreja told IANS.

She said that the 2019-20 data of Assam shows that the TFR has fallen far below the replacement rate, to 1.9 children per woman. "To deny access to social welfare schemes to families with more than two children would adversely impact the already underserved and vulnerable, rather than address population growth."

Muttreja said that in Lakshadweep, where the administration recently proposed a regulation to bar those with more than two children to run for panchayat election, fertility rates stand at 1.4 children per woman.

"The overall population growth rate for the Union Territory has dropped to 6.3 percent in 2001-2011, from 17.19 percent in 1991-2001.

"Stringent population control measures could lead to an increase in sex-selective practices, given the strong son-preference in many regions."

The PFI chief said that China has been forced to rescind its two-child policy, after finding itself in the midst of a population crisis and an abnormally high male-female ratio. This has forced the Chinese government to allow each couple to have up to three children.

"As levels of education and income increase, fertility rates will decrease further. This is exemplified in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, which provide better access to education and development opportunities.

"Ensuring gender equality, empowering women, improving education, economic development and access to family planning services are key ways to ensure smaller families become the norm. For this, empowering girls and women via free education, increased age at marriage, and reducing drop-outs are key," Muttreja said.

A 15-year-old Indian girl based in Dubai has launched a campaign via which she has helped collect more than 25 tonnes of e-waste for recycling in more than four years, a media report said on Friday.

According to Riva Tulpule, a grade 10 student of GEMS Modern Academy,many people just dump old devices and appliances in the general waste as they are not aware of the options for recycling them, Gulf News reported.

Hence, she got in touch with with the Dubai-based EnviroServe, one of the largest electronics recyclers and processors in the world, to hand over the collected items, which included over 2,000 broken laptops, tabs, mobile phones, printers and keyboards.

Her campaign, WeCareDXB, has enlisted volunteers after it successfully raised awareness via social media platforms.

"When we were moving house, I had asked my mom why we can't we just dispose the items we don't need. She told me they need to be tacked in a special way but we were not sure exactly how to go about it. So that made me curious and I decided to do some research into it, which led me to this cause," the Gulf News report quoted the teen as saying.

During the latest collection round in December 2020, over 60 students from 15 schools had signed up for the campaign.

(Courtesy: IANS)

In the early 1930s, when we were born, the world population was just 2 billion; now it is more than two and a half times as large and still growing rapidly. The population of the United States is increasing much more slowly than the world average, but it has more than doubled in only six decades -- from 120 million in 1928 to 250 million in 1990. Such a huge population expansion within two or three generations can by itself account for a great many changes in the social and economic institutions of a society. It also is very frightening to those of us who spend our lives trying to keep track of the implications of the population explosion.

This sequel to Paul Ehrlich's 1968 landmark bestseller The Population Bomb examines the critical choices we face today and proposes an agenda for the 1990s to avoid global ecocide. The Population Explosion vividly describes how the Earth's population, growing by 95 million people a year, is rapidly depleting the planet's resources, resulting in famine, global warming, acid rain, and other major problems. Paul and Anne Ehrlich also clearly and concisely point to immediate action that will lessen the threat of ruin and begin to build a more peaceful, sane, and secure world.

A SLOW START

One of the toughest things for a population biologist to reconcile is the contrast between his or her recognition that civilization is in imminent serious jeopardy and the modest level of concern that population issues generate among the public and even among elected officials.

Much of the reason for this discrepancy lies in the slow development of the problem. People aren't scared because they evolved biologically and culturally to respond to short-term "fires" and to tune out long-term "trends" over which they had no control. Only if we do what doesn't come naturally -- if we determinedly focus on what seem to be gradual or nearly imperceptible changes -- can the outlines of our predicament be perceived clearly enough to be frightening.

Our own species, Homo sapiens, evolved a few hundred thousand years ago. Some ten thousand years ago, when agriculture was invented, probably no more than five million people inhabited Earth -- fewer than now live in the San Francisco Bay Area. Even at the time of Christ, two thousand years ago, the entire human population was roughly the size of the population of the United States today; by 1650 there were only 500 million people and in 1850 only a little over a billion. Since there are now well past 5 billion people, the vast majority of the population explosion has taken place in less than a tenth of one percent of the history of Homo sapiens.

This is a remarkable change in the abundance of a single species. After an unhurried pace of growth over most of our history, the expansion of the population accelerated during the Industrial Revolution and really shot up after 1950. Since the mid-century, the human population has been growing at annual rates ranging from about 1.7 to 2.1 percent per year, doubling in forty years or less. Some groups have grown significantly faster; the population of the African nation of Kenya^ was estimated to be increasing by over 4 percent annually during the 1980s -- a rate that if continued would double the nation's population in only seventeen years. That rate did continue for over a decade and only recently has shown slight signs of slowing. Meanwhile, other nations, such as those of northern Europe, have grown much more slowly in recent decades.

But even the highest growth rates are still slow-motion changes compared to events we easily notice and react to. A car swerving at us on the highway is avoided by actions taking a few

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTS

Ten Most Populous Countries

1. China

Population: 1,338,612,968 (Excluding Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau)

Percentage of World Population: 19.6

Did you know?

• In 1979, China introduced a one-child policy to curb population growth. About 36 percent of China's population is currently subject to this policy.
• China's biggest cities, Shanghai and Beijing, each count more than 17 million people in their respective municipalities.
• Between 1978 and 2005, China's level of urbanization increased from 17.4 to 41.8 percent. (Photo: Reuters)

2. India

Population: 1,163,408,098

Percentage of World Population: 17.1

Did you know?

• India is a remarkably diverse country: It is estimated that only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, cultural, and genetic diversity of India.
• There are more than two thousand ethnic groups in India.
• More than two hundred languages are spoken in India, 22 of them are official languages.

3. United States

Population: 300,009,000

Percentage of World Population: 4.4

Demographic Facts:

• Every eight seconds, a baby is born in the U.S. Every twelve seconds, someone dies.
• More than 60 percent of all Americans live in one of the 51 metropolitan areas with a population of more than 1 million people.
• The population growth in the U.S. is among the highest in industrialized countries. In 2050, the U.S. population could reach 439 million.

4. Indonesia

Population: 230,168,000

Percentage of World Population: 3.4

Did you know?

• Indonesia's 230 million people live on about 6,000 islands scattered across both sides of the equator.
• Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world. About 86 percent of Indonesia's population is Muslim.
• The island of Java is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. More than 107 million people live in an area that is the size of New York State.

5. Brazil

Population: 191,109,937

Percentage of World population: 2.8

Did you know?

• The largest cities in Brazil are Sao Paulo (19.6 million people) and Rio de Janeiro (7 million people).
• The ancestors of most Brazilians are indigenous people, Portuguese colonists, and African slaves.
• Today, Brazil has the biggest Japanese (1.6 million people) and Italian populations (25 million people) outside their home

6. Pakistan

Population: 176,242,949

Percentage of World Population: 2.6

Did you know?

• Agriculture and related activities engage 42 percent of the Pakistan workforce.
• Pakistan has a relatively high fertility rate of more than 3 children per woman.
• Pakistan has a very young population: The median age is 20 years. About half of the population are younger than 20 years; only 4 percent are older than 65. (Photo: Reuters)

7. Bangladesh

Population: 156,050,883

Percentage of World Population: 2.3

Did you know?

• The country's name derives from the linguistic and ethnic group "Bengali". Ninety-eight per cent of Bangladesh's population are Bengali.
• Thirty-six percent of the population survives on a per capita income below one dollar a day.
• Bangladesh has a very low literacy rate: Only 48 percent of the population older than 15 can read and write.

8. Nigeria

Population: 148,093,000

Percentage of World Population: 2.2

Did you know?

• Nigeria has a high population growth rate of 2 percent. About one out of every four Africans is Nigerian.
• Life expectancy in Nigeria is 47 years, the median age is 19 years.
• There are more than 250 ethnic groups and 510 living languages in Nigeria.

9. Russia

Population: 141,824,280

Percentage of World Population: 2.1

Did you know?

• Russia ranks 9th in terms of population, but is the largest country by land size with about 17 million square kilometers (6,592,800 sq mi).
• Marriage rates increased from 6,2 marriages per 1,000 people in the year 2000 to 8,9 marriages per 1,000 people in 2007. t Russia has the biggest gap between male and female life expectancy: While females live 73 years on average, males live only about 59 years. (Photo: Reuters)

10. Japan

Population: 127,078,679

Percentage of World Population: 1.9

Did you know?

• Japan has a high population density. On average, Japan counts 337 people per square kilometer.
• The average life expectancy in Japan is 82 years, one of the highest in the world. Currently, there are over 35,000 people in Japan who are older than 100.
• Due to low fertility rates, Japan's population could drop to 100 million by 2050; by 2100, this number could fall to 64 million.

 This sequel to Paul Ehrlich's 1968 landmark bestseller The Population Bomb examines the critical choices we face today and proposes an agenda for the 1990s to avoid global ecocide.

The Population Explosion vividly describes how the Earth's population, growing by 95 million people a year, is rapidly depleting the planet's resources, resulting in famine, global warming, acid rain, and other major problems. Paul and Anne Ehrlich also clearly and concisely point to immediate action that will lessen the threat of ruin and begin to build a more peaceful, sane, and secure world.

A SLOW START

One of the toughest things for a population biologist to reconcile is the contrast between his or her recognition that civilization is in imminent serious jeopardy and the modest level of concern that population issues generate among the public and even among elected officials.

Much of the reason for this discrepancy lies in the slow development of the problem. People aren't scared because they evolved biologically and culturally to respond to short-term "fires" and to tune out long-term "trends" over which they had no control. Only if we do what doesn't come naturally -- if we determinedly focus on what seem to be gradual or nearly imperceptible changes -- can the outlines of our predicament be perceived clearly enough to be frightening.

Our own species, Homo sapiens, evolved a few hundred thousand years ago. Some ten thousand years ago, when agriculture was invented, probably no more than five million people inhabited Earth -- fewer than now live in the San Francisco Bay Area. Even at the time of Christ, two thousand years ago, the entire human population was roughly the size of the population of the United States today; by 1650 there were only 500 million people and in 1850 only a little over a billion. Since there are now well past 5 billion people, the vast majority of the population explosion has taken place in less than a tenth of one percent of the history of Homo sapiens.

This is a remarkable change in the abundance of a single species. After an unhurried pace of growth over most of our history, the expansion of the population accelerated during the Industrial Revolution and really shot up after 1950. Since the mid-century, the human population has been growing at annual rates ranging from about 1.7 to 2.1 percent per year, doubling in forty years or less. Some groups have grown significantly faster; the population of the African nation of Kenya was estimated to be increasing by over 4 percent annually during the 1980s -- a rate that if continued would double the nation's population in only seventeen years. That rate did continue for over a decade and only recently has shown slight signs of slowing. Meanwhile, other nations, such as those of northern Europe, have grown much more slowly in recent decades.

But even the highest growth rates are still slow-motion changes compared to events we easily notice and react to. A car swerving at us on the highway is avoided by actions taking a few seconds. The Alaskan oil spill caused great public indignation but faded from the media and the consciousness of most people in a few months. America's participation in World War II spanned less than four years. During the last four years, even Kenya's population grew by only about 16 percent--a change hardly perceptible locally, let alone from a distance. In four years, the world population expands only a little more than 7 percent. Who could notice that? Precipitous as the population explosion has been in historical terms, it is occurring at a snail's pace in an individual's perception. It is not an event, it is a trend that must be analyzed in order for its significance to be appreciated.

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

The time it takes a population to double in size is a dramatic way to picture rates of population growth, one that most of us can understand more readily than percentage growth rates. Human populations have often grown in a pattern described as "exponential." Exponential growth occurs in bank accounts when interest is left to accumulate and earns interest. Exponential growth occurs in populations because children, the analog of interest, remain in the population and themselves have children.

A key feature of exponential growth is that it often seems to start slowly and finish fast. A classic example used to illustrate this is the pondweed that doubles each day the amount of pond surface covered and is projected to cover the entire pond in thirty days. The question is, how much of the pond will be covered in twenty-nine days? The answer, of course, is that just half of the pond will be covered in twenty-nine days. The weed will then double once more and cover the entire pond the next day. As this example indicates, exponential growth contains the potential for big surprises.

The limits to human population growth are more difficult to perceive than those restricting the pond weed's growth. Nonetheless, like the pondweed, human populations grow in a pattern that is essentially exponential, so we must be alert to the treacherous properties of that sort of growth. The key point to remember is that a long history of exponential growth in no way implies a long future of exponential growth. What begins in slow motion may eventually overwhelm us in a flash.

The last decade or two has seen a slight slackening in the human population growth rate -- a slackening that has been prematurely heralded as an "end to the population explosion." The slowdown has been only from a peak annual growth rate of perhaps 2.1 percent in the early 1960s to about 1.8 percent in 1990. To put this change in perspective, the population's doubling time has been extended from thirty-three years to thirty-nine. Indeed, the world population did double in the thirty-seven years from 1950 to 1987. But even if birth rates continue to fall, the world population will continue to expand (assuming that death rates don't rise), although at a slowly slackening rate, for about another century. Demographers think that growth will not end before the population has reached 10 billion or more.

So, even though birth rates have declined somewhat, Homo sapiens is a long way from ending its population explosion or avoiding its consequences. In fact, the biggest jump, from 5 to 10 billion in well under a century, is still ahead. But this does not mean that growth couldn't be ended sooner, with much smaller population size, if we -- all of the world's nations -- made up our minds to do it. The trouble is, many of the world's leaders and perhaps most of the world's people still don't believe that there are compelling reasons to do so. They are even less aware that if humanity fails to act, nature may end the population explosion for us -- in very unpleasant ways -- well before 10 billion is reached.

Those unpleasant ways are beginning to be perceptible. Humanity in the 1990s will be confronted by more and more intransigent environmental problems, global problems dwarfing those that worried us in the late 1960s. Perhaps the most serious is that of global warming, a problem caused in large part by population growth and overpopulation. It is not clear whether the severe drought in North America, the Soviet Union, and China in 1988 was the result of the slowly rising surface temperature of Earth, but it is precisely the kind of event that climatological models predict as more and more likely with continued global warming. In addition to more frequent and more severe crop failures, projected consequences of the warming include coastal flooding, desertification, the creation of as many as 300 million environmental refugees, alteration of patterns of dis-ease, water shortages, general stress on natural ecosystems, and synergistic interactions among all these factors.

Continued population growth and the drive for development in already badly overpopulated poor nations will make it exceedingly difficult to slow the greenhouse warming -- and impossible to stop or reverse it -- in this generation at least. And, even if the warming should miraculously not occur, contrary to accepted projections, human numbers are on a collision course with massive famines anyway.

MAKING THE POPULATION CONNECTION

Global warming, acid rain, depletion of the ozone layer, vulnerability to epidemics, and exhaustion of soils and groundwater are all, as we shall see, related to population size. They are also clear and present dangers to the persistence of civilization. Crop failures due to global warming alone might result in the premature deaths of a billion or more people in the next few decades, and the AIDS epidemic could slaughter hundreds of millions. Together these would constitute a harsh "population control" program provided by nature in the face of humanity's refusal to put into place a gentler program of its own. We shouldn't delude ourselves: the population explosion will come to an end before very long. The only remaining question is whether it will be halted through the humane method of birth control, or by nature wiping out the surplus. We realize that religious and cultural opposition to birth control exists throughout the world, but we believe that people simply don't understand the choice that such opposition implies. Today, anyone opposing birth control is unknowingly voting to have the human population size controlled by a massive increase in early deaths.

Of course, the environmental crisis isn't caused just by expanding human numbers. Burgeoning consumption among the rich and increasing dependence on ecologically unsound technologies to supply that consumption also play major parts. This allows some environmentalists to dodge the population issue by emphasizing the problem of malign technologies. And social commentators can avoid commenting on the problem of too many people by focusing on the serious maldistribution of affluence.

But scientists studying humanity's deepening predicament recognize that a major factor contributing to it is rapidly worsening overpopulation. The Club of Earth, a group whose members all belong to both the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, released a statement in September 1988 that said in part: Arresting global population growth should be second in importance only to avoiding nuclear war on humanity's agenda. Overpopulation and rapid population growth are intimately connected with most aspects of the current human predicament, including rapid depletion of nonrenewable resources, deterioration of the environment (including rapid climate change), and increasing international tensions.

But even in that narrow context, the assertion is wrong. Suppose food was distributed equally. If everyone in the world ate as Americans do, less than half the present world population could be fed on the record harvests of 1985 and 1986.

Of course, everyone doesn't have to eat like Americans.

About a third of the world's grain harvest -- the staples of the human feeding base -- is fed to animals to produce eggs, milk, and meat for American-style diets. Wouldn't feeding that grain directly to people solve the problem? If everyone were willing to eat an essentially vegetarian diet, that additional grain would allow perhaps a billion more people to be fed with 1986 production.

Would such radical changes solve the world food problem? Only in the very short term. An additional billion people are slated to be with us by the end of the century. Moreover, by the late 1980s, humanity already seemed to be encountering trouble maintaining the production levels of the mid-1980s, let alone keeping up with population growth. The world grain harvest in 1988 was some 10 percent below that of 1986. And there is little sign that the rich are about to give up eating animal products.

So there is no reasonable way that the hunger problem can be called "only" one of distribution, even though redistribution of food resources would greatly alleviate hunger today. Unfortunately, an important truth, that mal-distribution is a cause of hunger now, has been used as a way to avoid a more important truth -- that overpopulation is critical today and may well make the distribution question moot tomorrow.

The food problem, however, attracts little immediate concern among well-fed Americans, who have no reason to be aware of its severity or extent. But other evidence that could make everyone face up to the seriousness of the population dilemma is now all around us since problems to which overpopulation and population growth make major contributions are worsening at a rapid rate. They often appear on the evening news, although the population connection is almost never made.

Consider the television pictures of barges loaded with garbage wandering like The Flying Dutchman across the seas, and news stories about "no room at the dump." They are showing the results of the interaction between too many affluent people and the environmentally destructive technologies that support that affluence. Growing opportunities to swim in a mixture of sewage and medical debris off American beaches can be traced to the same source. Starving people in sub-Saharan Africa are victims of drought, defective agricultural policies, and overpopulation of both people and domestic animals -- with warfare often dealing the final blow. All of the above are symptoms of humanity's massive and growing negative impact on Earth's life-support systems.

RECOGNIZING THE POPULATION PROBLEM

The average person, even the average scientist, seldom makes the connection between such seemingly disparate events and the population problem, and thus remains unworried. To a degree, this failure to put the pieces together is due to a taboo against frank discussion of the population crisis in many quarters, a taboo generated partly by pressures from the Catholic hierarchy and partly by other groups who are afraid that dealing with population is-sues will produce socially damaging results.

Many people on the political left are concerned that focusing on overpopulation will divert attention from crucial problems of social justice (which certainly need to be addressed in addition to the population problem). Often those on the political right fear that dealing with overpopulation will encourage abortion (it need not) or that halting growth will severely damage the economy (it could, if not handled properly). And people of varied political persuasions who are unfamiliar with the magnitude of the population problem believe in a variety of farfetched technological fixes -- such as colonizing outer space -- that they think will allow the need for regulating the size of the human population to be avoided forever.

Even the National Academy of Sciences avoided mentioning controlling human numbers in its advice to President Bush on how to deal with global environmental change. Although Academy members who are familiar with the issue are well aware of the critical population component of that change, it was feared that all of the Academy's advice would be ignored if recommendations were included about a subject taboo in the Bush administration. That strategy might have been correct, considering Bush's expressed views on abortion and considering the administration's weak appointments in many environmentally sensitive positions. After all, the Office of Management and Budget even tried to suppress an expert evaluation of the potential seriousness of global warming by altering the congressional testimony of a top NASA scientist, James Hansen, to conform with the administration's less urgent view of the problem.

All of us naturally lean toward the taboo against dealing with population growth. The roots of our aversion to limiting the size of the human population are as deep and pervasive as the roots of human sexual behavior. Through billions of years of evolution, our reproducing other members of your population was the name of the game. It is the very basis of natural selection, the driving force of the evolutionary process. Nonetheless, the taboo must be uprooted and discarded.

OVERCOMING THE TABOO

There is no more time to waste; in fact, there wasn't in 1968 when The Population Bomb was published. Human inaction has already condemned hundreds of millions more people to premature deaths from hunger and disease. The population connection must be made in the public mind. Action to end the population explosion humanely and start a gradual population decline must become a top item on the human agenda: the human birth rate must be lowered to slightly below the human death rate as soon as possible. There still may be time to limit the scope of the impending catastrophe, but not much time. Ending the population ex-plosion by controlling births is necessarily a slow process. Only nature's cruel way of solving the problem is likely to be swift.

Of course, if we do wake up and succeed in controlling our population size, that will still leave us with all the other thorny problems to solve. Limiting human numbers will not alone end warfare, environmental deterioration, poverty, racism, religious prejudice, or sexism; it will just buy us the opportunity to do so. As the old saying goes, whatever your cause, it's a lost cause without population control.

America and other rich nations have a clear choice today. They can continue to ignore the population problem and their own massive contributions to it. Then they will be trapped in a downward spiral that may well lead to the end of civilization in a few decades. More frequent droughts, more damaged crops and famines, more dying forests, more smog, more international conflicts, more epidemics, more gridlock, more drugs, more crime, more sewage swimming, and other extreme unpleasantness will mark our course. It is a route already traveled by too many of our less fortunate fellow human beings.

Or we can change our collective minds and take the measures necessary to lower global birth rates dramatically. People can learn to treat growth as cancer like the disease it is and move toward a sustainable society. The rich can make helping the poor an urgent goal, instead of seeking more wealth and useless military advantage over one another. Then humanity might have a chance to manage all those other seemingly intractable problems. It is a challenging prospect, but at least it will give our species a shot at creating a decent future for itself. More immediately and concretely, taking action now will give our children and their children the possibility of decent lives.

All too often, overpopulation is thought of simply as crowding: too many people in a given area, too high a population density. For instance, the deputy editor in chief of Forbes magazine pointed out recently, in connection with a plea for more population growth in the United States: "If all the people from China and India lived in the continental U.S. (excluding Alaska), this country would still have a smaller population density than England, Holland, or Belgium."

The appropriate response is "So what?" Density is generally irrelevant to questions of overpopulation. For instance, if brute density were the criterion, one would have to conclude that Africa is "underpopulated," because it has only 55 people per square mile, while Europe (excluding the USSR) has 261 and Japan 857. A more sophisticated measure would take into consideration the amount of Africa not covered by desert or "impenetrable" forests. This more habitable portion is just a little over half the continent's area, giving an effective population density of 117 per square mile. That's still only about a fifth of that in the United Kingdom. Even by 2020, Africa's effective density is projected to grow to only about that of France today (266), and few people would consider France excessively crowded or overpopulated.

When people think of crowded countries, they usually contemplate places like the Netherlands (1,031 per square mile), Taiwan (1,604), or Hong Kong (14,218). Even those don't necessarily signal overpopulation--after all, the Dutch seem to be thriving, and doesn't Hong Kong have a booming economy and fancy hotels? In short, if density were the standard of overpopulation, few nations (and certainly not Earth itself) would be likely to be considered overpopulated in the near future. The error, we repeat, lies in trying to define overpopulation in terms of density; it has long been recognized that density per se means very little.

The key to understanding overpopulation is not population density but the number of people in an area relative to its resources and the capacity of the environment to sustain human activities; that is, to the area's carrying capacity. When is an area overpopulated? When its population can't be maintained without rapidly depleting nonrenewable resources (or converting renewable resources into nonrenewable ones) and without degrading the capacity of the environment to support the population. In short, if the long-term carrying capacity of an area is clearly being degraded by its current human occupants, that area is overpopulated.

By this standard, the entire planet and virtually every nation are already vastly overpopulated. Africa is overpopulated now because, among other indications, its soils and forests are rapidly being depleted and that implies that its carrying capacity for human beings will be lower in the future than it is now. The United States is overpopulated because it is depleting its soil and water resources and contributing mightily to the destruction of global environmental systems. Europe, Japan, the Soviet Union, and other rich nations are over-populated because of their massive contributions to the carbon dioxide build-up in the atmosphere, among many other reasons. Almost all the rich nations are overpopulated because they are rapidly drawing down stocks of resources around the world. They don't live solely on the land in their own nations.... they are spending their capital with no thought for the future.

This "carrying capacity" definition of overpopulation is the one used in this book. It is important to understand that under this definition a condition of over-population might be corrected with no change in the number of people. For instance, the impact of today's 665 million Africans on their resources and environment theoretically might be reduced to the point where the continent would no longer be overpopulated. To see whether this would be possible, population growth would have to be stopped . . .

Similarly, dramatic changes in American lifestyle might suffice to end overpopulation in the United States without a large population reduction.