“Navaratri is a festival of spiritual renewal celebrated in the spring and fall across India and worldwide when we honor Mother Divine.” Over these nine days, we celebrate the victory of Goddess Durga in all her forms, who vanquishes Mahishasura, representing the demons within us all. Mother dispels the darkness of illusion so that our light shines. During Navaratri, we go inside to discover dimensions of ourselves that we do not normally examine or express. From my perspective, these aspects are extremely critical not just for our transformation but for the planet's evolution.

Before I moved into the path of Brahmacharya, I focused completely on outside goals: getting the best grades in school up until I received my doctorate; billing and selling the most as a consulting psychologist; and earning the most money. When I met my guru over 30 years ago, Her Holiness Jagadguru Sathya Sai Maa Lakshmi Devi, my focus turned completely inward as I started to examine the habits and patterns that covered the truth of who I am, who we all are, in our divinity, in our multidimensionality.

Through Mataji’s teachings, practices, and energetic work, I embraced traits, values, frequencies, and powers that were veiled and hidden up to that point. Prominent among those were aspects of the Divine Feminine, enabling me to achieve greater inner balance and harmony of the masculine and feminine. As I mentioned in another article I wrote during last spring’s  Navaratri, some of these traits include: compassion, tenderness, caring, generosity, devotion, grace, beauty, abundance, authenticity, empathy, and inclusion.

Navaratri serves us now as we move from an old era or cycle based in fear (Kali Yuga) to a new era of truth, of being who we are in our essence as love (Sathya Yuga). As our planet raises in its frequency, and new cosmic energies arrive on the planet, we are required to access those inner love-based, higher frequency qualities of Mother. Finding these hidden treasures is an important reason to celebrate Navaratri for all of us, so we find inner balance and harmony, and spread this in society and on the planet. During this festival, we have the opportunity to focus on those Divine Feminine attributes so our actions are based upon spiritual values, so we serve the greater good of society, and we spread the power of Sanatana Dharma across the planet.

I share here words of Jagadguru Sai Maa about Navaratri:

“I invite you to welcome and to celebrate your inner divine feminine. Celebrating the divine feminine is celebrating life. Bringing balance into life. The blossoming of your potentiality. Yes, Navaratri is dedicated to the feminine divine nature. Nothing exists without the Mother, this feminine aspect. These nine days are dedicated to the balance of the feminine. And then the masculine will take over, the yin yang. It is important to love Mother-Father-Creator within, the parents of the universe. The love out of the limitless, boundless love merges and becomes beloved, and beloved becomes love. Both parents are made, created from the same Shakti. They are to be one, as two is duality.”

During these tumultuous and fast-changing times, we need to harness all our internal power to be flexible, creative and resilient. We are breaking apart the old way of being, what we can call the old paradigm, and we are creating of ourselves and our world a new way of being, a new paradigm. When we take time now during Navaratri to discover and activate our Divine Feminine qualities, we are maximizing our capacity to not just address what we are facing in life, but to create a new world.

Through spiritual practice (sadhana) and sacred ceremonies, Navaratri offers us the opportunity to unlock our inner power and unite us collectively for greater awareness and social transformation. For example, at our Sathya Sai Maa Shaktidhaam Ashram in Kashi, combined with the Shakti and profound energetic work of Jagadguru Sathya Sai Maa, Mataji has arranged for highly reputed pundits to preside over very powerful yagyas or fire ceremonies that are activating energies never experienced before on this planet. We are benefiting from the immense power of Bagalamukhi over nine days, who shatters our obstacles and patterns so we realize the clarity of our truth; and Maha Lakshmi over 2 days, who fills us and our world with abundance and prosperity on all levels.

If you celebrate Navaratri, take time now to reflect on the festival’s impact on your life, and what you are experiencing during this celebration. What is your intent for what you want to transform in yourself and your life through the power and attributes of Durga, Kali, Lakshmi, Saraswati, and other forms of Mother? If you have never celebrated Navaratri, would you like to learn more, perhaps add some Divine Mother practice to your sadhana (a mantra for example)?

On the spiritual path, through dedicated sadhana and the grace of a guru—if we are blessed with one—we awaken to the depths of our true being. We unveil our hidden aspects, embrace our multidimensional nature, and step into our inner power. We maximize our capacity for self-awareness, self-healing, and transformation.

Navaratri offers us an important opportunity to ignite our inner journey. The festival calls upon us to awaken and embody the Divine Feminine energies that reside in us all. It empowers us to harmonize the Divine Masculine and Divine Feminine within, to deepen our sadhana, to come together in unity, and to radiate our collective higher frequency. In this way, we become catalysts for a greater shift. Together, we uplift society and accelerate the emergence of a new era—one rooted in love and illuminated by the boundless grace of the Divine Mother.

Writer Swami Parameshwar Das Maharaj Mahamandaleshwar Mahant 108 is a renowned practitioner of Sanatan Dharma

The relationship between the executive and the judiciary in India has always been complex, often marred by conflicts that test the country’s democratic framework. While the Constitution outlines a clear separation of powers, disputes over jurisdiction, authority, and policy decisions frequently create tensions between these two crucial pillars of governance. The current scenario, marked by an increasing lack of trust and communication between the judiciary and the executive, calls for reflection on the leadership of figures like Hansraj Bharadwaj. As India’s longest-serving Law Minister, Bharadwaj was instrumental in fostering dialogue, respect, and institutional cooperation between the executive and the judiciary, ensuring that both functioned harmoniously within the democratic system.

India’s Constitution is built on the principle of separation of powers, ensuring that the executive, legislature, and judiciary operate independently while maintaining necessary checks and balances. The executive, led by the Prime Minister and the President, is responsible for governance and policy-making, while the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court, interprets laws and ensures that government actions comply with constitutional provisions.

However, despite this well-defined framework, friction between the judiciary and the executive has been a recurring theme in India’s history. Judicial appointments, interpretation of constitutional provisions, and legal challenges to executive policies have often been sources of contention.

One of the most persistent issues is the appointment of judges. Under the collegium system, the judiciary holds the final authority in recommending and appointing judges to higher courts. However, the executive also plays a role in the process, leading to disagreements and delays that sometimes hinder judicial efficiency. The executive has frequently expressed concerns over the lack of transparency in the collegium system, while the judiciary has resisted executive interference, citing the need to uphold judicial independence.

Another major area of conflict arises when courts strike down executive actions or laws, citing constitutional violations. While the judiciary is tasked with protecting fundamental rights and ensuring legal compliance, the executive sometimes views such rulings as judicial overreach that limits its ability to govern effectively. These tensions, if not addressed through constructive dialogue, can erode trust between the two institutions and impact governance.

Hansraj Bharadwaj, a seasoned lawyer and politician, recognized the importance of maintaining a collaborative relationship between the executive and the judiciary. As Law Minister, he played a crucial role in bridging the gap between these institutions, ensuring that conflicts were managed with diplomacy and mutual respect. Bharadwaj believed in open communication and consultation. Unlike many of his successors, who allowed tensions to escalate into full-blown conflicts, he actively engaged with judges, legal experts, and executive officials to address concerns and find common ground. His approach was rooted in the belief that disagreements should be resolved through discussion rather than confrontation.

During his tenure, Bharadwaj spearheaded several legal reforms aimed at enhancing judicial efficiency and transparency. Recognizing the need for a robust judiciary to uphold democracy, he advocated for streamlined judicial appointment processes, fair selection criteria for judges, and measures to reduce bureaucratic delays. His efforts ensured that judicial appointments were based on merit rather than political influence.

Beyond the appointment process, Bharadwaj also championed judicial accountability while preserving judicial independence. He firmly believed that judges should be empowered to make impartial decisions but should also be held accountable for their rulings. His balanced approach helped foster a legal environment where both the executive and the judiciary could function with mutual respect and cooperation.

One of Bharadwaj’s most remarkable qualities was his ability to handle conflicts with diplomacy. Unlike the present-day confrontational approach, he tackled executive-judicial disputes with patience and strategic negotiation. His tenure saw several instances where tensions were diffused through well-calibrated discussions rather than public confrontations.

A key aspect of his leadership was his firm stance against politically motivated attacks on the judiciary. Today, judicial independence faces significant threats from vested interest groups that attempt to influence rulings through public pressure and media narratives. Bharadwaj’s tenure serves as a lesson in how such challenges can be addressed without compromising the dignity of institutions. The legal fraternity must take inspiration from his leadership in upholding the integrity of the judicial system.

Despite Bharadwaj’s contributions, conflicts between the executive and judiciary have only intensified in recent years. Judicial appointments continue to be a contentious issue, with growing concerns over transparency and accountability. The judiciary’s increasing intervention in policy matters has led to accusations of judicial activism, while the executive’s attempts to influence judicial decisions have sparked fears of judicial erosion.

The growing politicization of legal institutions poses a significant threat to India’s democratic framework. Bharadwaj’s tenure reminds us that democracy thrives not in conflict but in consensus. His leadership exemplifies how disputes can be managed without undermining institutional integrity or creating a constitutional crisis. Today, as we commemorate his birth anniversary, it is evident that his legacy has not been upheld by subsequent governments, whether under the UPA or the NDA. The spirit of cooperation that he nurtured has been replaced by deep-seated distrust and power struggles between the judiciary and the executive.

India needs leaders like HR Bharadwaj now more than ever—leaders who understand that a functioning democracy depends on collaboration between its institutions. The executive and the judiciary must work as partners in governance rather than as adversaries locked in constant battle. The lessons from Bharadwaj’s tenure are clear, namely Dialogue Over Confrontation, Judicial Independence with Accountability, Legal Reforms for Transparency, Depoliticization of Institutions..

"Samar shesh hai, nahi paap ka bhagi keval vyadh, jo tatasth hai, samay likhega unka bhi apradh."

These words of Ramdhari Singh Dinkar remind us that indifference is as dangerous as injustice. Bihar has always been a land of revolutions—be it in freedom struggles, social movements, or agricultural reforms. Yet, despite its rich history and fertile lands, the farmers of Bihar remain unheard, unseen, and undervalued. It is time for a bold and decisive step, one that recognizes that Bihar’s true strength lies in its farmers and its people.

When Samrat Choudhary, Bihar’s Finance Minister, presented the ?3.17 trillion Budget for 2025-26, it was more than just numbers and policies—it was a battle cry for Bihar’s resurgence, a promise that Bihar will not just survive but thrive, not just dream but achieve. The budget lays a strong foundation for infrastructure development, skill enhancement, and agricultural transformation. However, if Bihar is to truly rise, it must put its farmers at the center of its economic roadmap.

For decades, Bihar’s agriculture has been trapped in a cycle of low productivity, lack of market access, and vulnerability to floods and droughts. The Kosi River, known as the “Sorrow of Bihar,” has devastated countless villages, forcing migration and economic distress. But what if, instead of being a force of destruction, Bihar’s rivers became a source of power, prosperity, and security? A Hoover Dam-like structure on the Kosi and other major rivers could prevent floods, store water for irrigation, generate electricity, and create thousands of jobs. A Bihar where farmers don’t have to pray for good monsoons, where crops don’t wither in dry spells, where clean energy fuels industries—this is not just a dream, it is a possibility within our reach.

Yet, water security alone is not enough. A Farmer-Centric Agriculture Value Chain Commission, backed by a High-Powered Committee, is essential to address systemic agricultural challenges. Bihar’s future cannot be built on fragmented policies, temporary relief measures, and middlemen-driven markets. The agriculture sector needs structural transformation, one that is farmer-led, technology-driven, and market-oriented. A commission of agri-experts, cooperative leaders, policymakers, industry stakeholders, and farmer representatives can ensure a time-bound, effective, and result-driven approach to fair pricing, irrigation, sustainable farming, food processing, and global market access.

For years, Bihar’s farmers have suffered at the hands of seasonal floods, erratic weather, inadequate infrastructure, and exploitative market chains. Why should the land that feeds millions remain in distress? Why should a Bihari farmer struggle to make ends meet while middlemen reap profits? It is time for a new economic model—one that integrates Bihar’s agriculture into a national and global supply chain. A cooperative economic framework can break caste-based politics and economic inequalities, ensuring that wealth creation benefits every farmer, not just a privileged few.

Beyond agriculture, Bihar needs to prepare its youth for a modern and competitive world. For decades, Bihari youth have left their homes in search of work. But why should a state with so much talent, potential, and determination have to send its best and brightest elsewhere? The ?60,964 crore investment in education and skill development will change this forever. Bihar is poised to become a hub for green infrastructure, solar energy, and sustainable industries. With renewable energy projects, modern transport networks, and eco-friendly urban planning, Bihar can attract massive investments from industries looking for a skilled workforce and a sustainable future. The establishment of the National Institute of Food Technology will not just create jobs but will transform Bihar into India’s food processing hub. When industries see a state investing in its people and its environment, they invest in that state. And when investments come, jobs follow, migration slows, and prosperity rises.

Bihar is not just a state—it is a legacy. It is the land of Chanakya, the greatest strategist, who built empires on wisdom and vision. It is the land of Buddha, who taught the world that transformation begins from within. It is the land of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, who fought for farmers’ rights, and Jai Prakash Narayan, who led the people’s revolution. This budget must not be just another policy document—it must be Bihar’s war cry for progress.

"Sinhasan khali karo ki janta aati hai!" The people of Bihar are ready. They don’t want promises; they want action. A High-Powered Agriculture Commission and a Farmer-Centric Economic Model will not just transform Bihar’s economy—it will restore its lost glory. This is not just about elections or policies; this is about dignity, justice, and the future of every Bihari child. The time for waiting is over—the time for action is now.

By Binod Anand, Member Prime Minister High power Committee on MSP AND Agriculture reforms,Govt of India

In the grand tapestry of India's cultural and spiritual legacy, the Kumbh Mela stands as a timeless confluence of faith, tradition, and human endeavor. But amid the sea of millions gathered for religious sanctity, a silent yet powerful revolution in public health is taking shape—Netra Kumbh 2025. This unparalleled humanitarian initiative has emerged as the world's largest temporary eye healthcare camp, earning recognition from both the India Book of Records and the Asia Book of Records. Beyond its medical impact, Netra Kumbh aligns with 12 out of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), reinforcing its role in human development and global health equity.

A Legacy of Sight: Transforming Lives Since 2019

The journey of Netra Kumbh is not new. It has been a defining force in addressing preventable blindness in India. During Kumbh 2019, over 200,000 pilgrims benefitted, with 155,000 glasses distributed and 23,000 surgeries conducted. Even in the challenging times of Ardh Kumbh 2021, amidst the pandemic, 48,000 pilgrims received care, and 38,000 spectacles were distributed. With each edition, this initiative has expanded in scale, efficiency, and outreach.

In 2025, Netra Kumbh reached new heights of impact. A record-breaking 2,37,169 individuals underwent comprehensive eye screenings, ensuring early detection and timely intervention for various vision impairments. The initiative facilitated the distribution of 1,62,925 spectacles, providing instant vision correction and enhancing the daily lives of thousands. Additionally, 17,038 patients were identified for further treatment and surgeries, emphasizing the long-term commitment of Netra Kumbh to eradicating preventable blindness. The magnitude of these achievements underscores the initiative’s evolution into a robust, large-scale healthcare intervention, effectively transforming the landscape of eye care in India.

A Holistic Public Health Mission: More Than Just Eye Care

Netra Kumbh 2025 is not just a medical camp; it is an integrated public health movement that brings together healthcare, service, and community participation. The camp has been meticulously structured to ensure world-class medical services for both pilgrims and volunteers, with designated halls serving various functions. Screening halls like Rajju Bhaiya OPD 1 and Bhaurao Ji Devras OPD 2 ensure streamlined eye check-ups, while the Shri Radchhordas Ji Bapu Hospital Hall manages the distribution of spectacles. Pilgrims and volunteers have access to well-furnished dormitories such as Ahilyabai Holkar Niwas specifically for female volunteers (commemorating her 300th anniversary), while Ganga Niwas, Yamuna Niwas, and Saraswati Niwas provide accommodation for other volunteers and staff. For healthcare professionals, Bhagwan Dhanvantari Niwas offers dedicated lodging. Additionally, Chandra Shekhar Hall is designated for welcoming guests, while Sants Soordas Sabhagar serves as a seminar hall hosting discussions on knowledge, spirituality, and service. Annapoorna Prasadam Hall ensures that thousands receive three wholesome meals daily, managed by ISKCON under the guidance of Guru Gaurang Das, reinforcing the spirit of sewa (selfless service) deeply embedded in Bharatiya civilizational values. This state-of-the-art facility is a testament to how faith-driven community efforts can create sophisticated, large-scale healthcare interventions, making Netra Kumbh a one-of-its-kind global model for temporary yet highly efficient medical outreach programs.

Aligning with Global Health Goals: Covering 12 out of 17 SDGs

Netra Kumbh 2025 exemplifies the power of healthcare initiatives in driving global progress by addressing vision impairment and its socio-economic implications. It aligns with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in multiple ways. SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) is at the core of this initiative, ensuring access to free eye checkups, corrective measures, and awareness programs to prevent blindness. By improving vision, Netra Kumbh also contributes to SDG 4 (Quality Education), as children with corrected vision are more likely to succeed academically, breaking cycles of poverty and dependence. Moreover, by restoring sight, individuals can return to work, contributing to SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), improving productivity, and reducing financial dependence on families and social support systems. SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) is also realized through the initiative’s commitment to providing quality eye care services to marginalized communities, bridging the vast gap in healthcare accessibility. Furthermore, the success of Netra Kumbh is driven by extensive collaborations between government agencies, NGOs, medical institutions, and corporate partners, aligning perfectly with SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals). This collective effort showcases how large-scale healthcare initiatives, when aligned with developmental goals, can foster inclusive growth and holistic well-being.

Socio-Economic Impact: Restoring Vision, Restoring Livelihoods

While the scale of Netra Kumbh is reflected in its numbers, the true measure of its impact is in the lives it transforms. India has over 35 million people with visual impairments, with 1.25 crore classified as visually disabled. Many of these cases stem from preventable conditions such as cataracts and refractive errors, which significantly limit an individual’s ability to earn a livelihood, pursue education, or engage in everyday activities. Through timely interventions, Netra Kumbh is enabling a shift in this narrative. Restoring sight allows daily wage workers to regain their capacity to earn, ensuring financial stability and reducing dependency. It also enhances educational opportunities for children, helping them perform better academically and unlocking brighter futures. Beyond direct medical care, Netra Kumbh fosters a culture of preventive healthcare, emphasizing the importance of regular checkups and encouraging corneal donations to support long-term solutions for visual impairments.

A Global Footprint: Beneficiaries from Across Continents

Netra Kumbh 2025 has not only catered to pilgrims from all Indian states and Union Territories but has also extended its humanitarian reach beyond borders. Over 1,500 beneficiaries from countries across the Indian subcontinent, Europe, and the Americas have availed themselves of its services. This international participation underscores the global relevance of accessible and quality eye healthcare. Unlike any other temporary healthcare initiative worldwide, Netra Kumbh combines efficiency, large-scale reach, and world-class medical infrastructure in a short period, making it a replicable model for future public health interventions. The seamless execution of this initiative reflects India's capability to lead in humanitarian healthcare, setting a benchmark for countries looking to integrate medical services within cultural and religious congregations.

A Feat Acknowledged Worldwide

The monumental success of Netra Kumbh 2025 has earned it a place in history. Both the India Book of Records and the Asia Book of Records have recognized it as the world’s largest temporary eye healthcare camp. This recognition not only validates the scale and impact of the initiative but also highlights India’s capacity to lead the world in innovative and compassionate healthcare solutions.

A Model for Future Public Health Interventions

Netra Kumbh 2025 is not just an event; it is a scalable and replicable model for integrating healthcare services into cultural and religious congregations. With its seamless medical infrastructure, committed volunteer network, and deep-rooted philosophy of service, it has set a new benchmark in public health interventions. As we move forward, the legacy of Netra Kumbh 2025 will continue to inspire similar initiatives, ensuring that vision impairment never becomes a barrier to human potential. By aligning faith with service and healthcare with community welfare, Netra Kumbh has illuminated the path towards a healthier, more equitable world.

The article has been authored by Ms. Hemangi Sinha, Project Head at the World Intellectual Foundation, and Pravin Kumar Singh, Senior Project Associate at the World Intellectual Foundation.

René Descartes’ Cogito Ergo Sum—"I think, therefore I am"—redefined philosophy but left a deeper question unanswered: Who am I? With AI now thinking faster and more efficiently than us, the nature of our identity becomes crucial. Are we just biological supercomputers, or is there something beyond mere computation? Despite scientific progress, we still lack a fundamental grasp of consciousness. Without understanding our awareness, any claim about AI sentience is premature. AI may mimic intelligence, but that does not imply true consciousness. Until we solve this mystery, the essence of human existence remains an open question.

Who am I?

The fundamental flaw in Descartes’s reasoning is that he presupposes the existence of an ‘I’. Instead of proving it, he assumes the conclusion within the statement itself. For centuries, philosophers have pondered upon whether an ‘I’ truly exists and if so, what it is? .

Buddhists and the Advaita school of Hindu thought contend that the concept of a fixed, concrete ‘I’ is an illusion. Rooted in the concept of anatta (no-self), Buddhism argues that human identity is a transient product of various causes and consequences, both physical and mental (skandhas).  Advaita Vedanta, on the other hand, posits that the perception of the individual self is due to ignorance (advidy?), asserting that there is only one ultimate reality (Brahman) that binds us all. In contrast, the Dvaita school of Hinduism argues that every one of us possesses a unique singular consciousness. The materialists, on the other hand, view consciousness and identity as emergent products of one’s body and brain, ceasing with death.

Despite their differences, all theories share a common thread: the unexplained phenomenon of consciousness. Therefore, any exploration of the self must begin by understanding what it truly means to be conscious.

The Hard Problem of Consciousness

The hard problem of consciousness is the challenge of explaining why humans and other organisms have subjective experiences—how matter gives rise to a mind.

The sensations of experience are known as ‘qualia’. Love, for instance, stems from oxytocin firing in the brain, yet science cannot explain how this chemical activity creates the ‘feeling’ of love, or the qualia of love. When listening to your favourite song, neurochemical reactions in the brain process sound. However, despite all we know about sound, we are yet to understand how it transforms into the experience of music.

Artificial intelligence is quite similar to the brain in that both function as computers, processing information and generating outputs based on inputs. While the brain consists of neurons operating through electrochemical means, AI relies on artificial neural networks. However, as far as we know, AI does not generate qualia, or conscious experience. To determine whether this might be possible in the future, we must first understand the nature of qualia in our brains. Unfortunately, meaningful answers remain elusive.

Neuroscientists have developed detailed accounts of what occurs in our brains during various activities, but they remain merely descriptions. What humanity lacks is an explanation. How does electricity transform into experience? How does meat create reality? After all, we are stardust; the matter that constitutes us is scattered throughout the universe. Yet, something about the way it is assembled gives rise to the phenomenon of consciousness. Uncannily, we are conscious beings aware of our own consciousness; minds that know they are minds.

The Hard Problem of Consciousness earns its name because science lacks even the foundation of a coherent answer to it. Philosophers vehemently disagree with each other, while scientists remain largely perplexed.

Embracing the Uncertain

Discussions about AI consciousness are premature because humanity currently lacks the tools to address them. While it would be misguided to rule out the possibility, any discourse on the subject is futile without a prior understanding of the phenomenon of consciousness and the nature of the self. Research and scholarly debates must prioritize solving the hard problem of consciousness and deciphering the genesis of the ‘I’. By integrating both philosophical and scientific approaches we can achieve a deeper understanding of the reality we experience. This endeavour could pave the way for more informed discussions about artificial intelligence and its potential for consciousness.

In the large cityscapes of the 21st century, amidst our fast-paced lives, humanity seems to rush toward closure. As Socrates famously pointed out, true wisdom lies in knowing that one knows nothing. Yet, philosophers who followed him, including Plato and Aristotle, often contradicted his spirit of inquiry, hastily offering answers instead of embracing uncertainty. Perhaps, as Socrates urged, it is time to make peace with the fact that we know nothing – for in that acceptance lies the beginning of true seeking.

Bihar, once the land of Mauryas and Guptas, the cradle of learning with Nalanda and Vikramshila, and the birthplace of great thinkers like Chanakya—has always been at the heart of India's historical and cultural evolution. But look around today, and what do we see? Fields filled with potential, yet farmers struggling to make ends meet. Families are torn apart as young men leave home in search of work elsewhere. The cities swell with migrants while villages fade into oblivion.

It doesn't have to be this way. Bihar has everything it needs to flourish—fertile land, abundant water, skilled artisans, and a heritage of self-reliance. What it lacks is a roadmap, a determined push, and structural reforms that can channel its strengths into a future where Bihar doesn’t just survive but thrives.

Let’s face it—agriculture is the backbone of Bihar. More than 70% of the people depend on farming, yet the system remains outdated. Small landholdings, poor irrigation, and limited market access have kept farmers trapped in a cycle of low productivity and high dependency. But imagine a Bihar where farmers don’t have to leave home to earn a living. Where they can cultivate, process, and sell their produce without being at the mercy of middlemen. Where their children see a future in farming, instead of fleeing to cities in desperation.

The solution? Modernized infrastructure, advanced irrigation techniques, and digital tools like AI-driven soil testing to help farmers increase yield. The West Kosi Project, if properly implemented, can transform water management, ensuring that Bihar’s fields are green year-round instead of being at the mercy of monsoons.

Did you know Bihar produces over 85% of the world’s Makhana (fox nuts)? It’s a superfood, sought after for its nutritional benefits. But despite this dominance, farmers don’t get their fair share. Why? Because the sector is scattered, unorganized, and under-commercialized.

The recently established Makhana Board is a game-changer. Think of it like the Amul model—where farmers collectively own and benefit from the industry. With proper quality certification, branding, export facilitation, and farmer training, Bihar can turn Makhana into a billion-dollar industry. Imagine ‘Bihar Makhana’ labeled on supermarket shelves across the world—bringing prosperity back home, right where it belongs.

Bihar is not just about farming; it’s also about craftsmanship. Bhagalpur Silk is renowned worldwide, but what has been done to elevate the weavers? The answer lies in cooperative economic frameworks, where artisans aren’t just laborers but stakeholders in the industry. By setting up textile hubs, investing in technology, and providing direct market access, Bhagalpur can once again become the ‘Silk City of the World,’ not just of India.

Jute, another forgotten gem, can see a revival too. With the global push for eco-friendly products, Bihar’s jute industry can thrive—if we modernize processing units and link them to domestic and international markets. And most importantly, if we make sure the profits go back to the hands that spin the magic.

With its diverse agricultural produce, Bihar can be more than just a supplier of raw materials—it can be a global food processing and export hub. Creating dedicated Food Export Zones will ensure that farmers don’t just grow food but also gain from its value addition.

Government initiatives and the latest provisions in Budget 2025 signal a shift towards agro-industrialization. But policies mean nothing without execution. This is where close monitoring from the PMO and state administration becomes crucial—to ensure Bihar gets the investments, infrastructure, and institutional support it needs to transform into an agribusiness powerhouse.

Bihar’s rivers have always been its lifelines, yet they remain vastly underutilized. What if we told you that Bihar’s water bodies could create millions of jobs? With strategic investments in fisheries, aquaculture, and inland water transport, the state can boost its ‘Blue Economy.’ Sustainable fishing and modern fish farming techniques can generate wealth while preserving the ecosystem. The Ganga and its tributaries can also serve as efficient waterways—cutting transport costs, boosting trade, and reducing environmental impact. A strong Blue Economy means more jobs at home, fewer migrant laborers, and a stronger Bihar.

The flood-prone regions of Bihar, including the Tal, Chaur, and Maan areas, are often viewed as liabilities, but they hold immense untapped potential. These waterlogged lowlands can be transformed into hubs of sustainable aquaculture and integrated farming. Instead of battling floods, Bihar can learn to harness them—developing a water-based economy that turns seasonal adversity into an advantage. With the right planning, these regions can become highly productive zones for fish farming, lotus cultivation, and integrated paddy-fish culture. This would not only boost rural incomes but also establish Bihar as a leader in India's National Blue Economy. If managed effectively, the floodwaters can be used to recharge groundwater levels, support biodiversity, and create a resilient agricultural model that turns Bihar’s biggest challenge into its greatest strength.

This transformative development is not just economic but also deeply political. With the 2025 Vidhan Sabha elections on the horizon, a shift towards an agriculture-anchored economy can redefine Bihar’s political narrative. Instead of electioneering around caste equations and short-term welfare schemes, Bihar can initiate a development-driven debate, one that shifts the focus to economic empowerment, job creation, and self-sufficiency. This will not only energize the electorate but also strengthen the vision of making Bihar the epicenter of a thriving, cooperative-led economy. Furthermore, such economic revival will directly impact the Home Minister’s ambitious target of eliminating Naxalism by ensuring that discontented youth find stable employment within their own state, reducing the lure of extremism.

Bihar has always been the land of visionaries—whether it was Bhikari Thakur, whose folk theatre echoed the struggles of migration, or Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, whose poetic calls for revolution still inspire the masses. Their voices still resonate with Bihar’s need for transformation. Dinkar’s words, “Samar shesh hai, nahi paap ka bhagi keval vyadh” (The battle is yet to be fought, and the burden of injustice is not for one alone to bear), remind us that Bihar's struggle is far from over—it must fight for its rightful place in India's growth story. Chanakya, the greatest political reformer, laid the foundation of governance rooted in economic stability and strategic foresight, a philosophy that Bihar needs to embrace once again to chart its resurgence.

When we talk about making India a developed country by 2047, it’s impossible to achieve that dream without Bihar rising to its full potential. A weak Bihar keeps India from becoming truly strong. But a Bihar that harnesses its agricultural wealth, its textile heritage, its food industry, and its river economy—that Bihar can be unstoppable.

Bihar doesn’t need sympathy; it needs strategy. It doesn’t need promises; it needs action. And most importantly, it doesn’t need to send its sons and daughters away in search of livelihoods—it needs to build an economy that keeps them rooted, employed, and thriving right at home.

A Viksit Bharat is only possible with a Viksit Bihar. The time to act is now.

Writer Binod Anand, Secretary General, CNRI and Member PM MSP COMMITTEE and Agriculture reforms

Albert Camus, while contemplating the absurdity of life, declares that the ultimate philosophical question of existence is whether life is worth enduring despite its inherent meaninglessness. Perhaps the French philosopher’s observation in The Myth of Sisyphus merits a modern reinterpretation. Trapped in the bureaucratic mazes we craft, the real philosophical question may no longer be whether to end it all, but how many stamps are required to do so. In India, stringent procedural barriers obstruct the implementation of living wills, a tool designed to uphold the right to a dignified death, underscoring the urgent need for legislative reform to simplify the process and ensure that the right is accessible, protected and respected.

The genesis of living wills can be traced back to the 2018 case of Common Cause v. Union of India. This case, while elaborating on the legality of passive euthanasia as established in the 2011 case of Aruna Shanbaug v. Union of India, upheld the validity of living wills and provided detailed guidelines for their implementation. A living will, also known as an advance directive, is a written legal document that authorizes an individual to specify their preferences for medical treatment in the event that they are unable to communicate in the future. It becomes operative, for instance, when the individual is in a vegetative state. Unlike a traditional will or testament, living wills do not deal with the distribution of property.

At present, due to the absence of a dedicated legislative framework, bureaucratic reliance is placed on the guidelines laid down in the Common Cause case for the execution and implementation of living wills in India. While these guidelines are extensively deliberated on paper, India’s socio-economic reality hampers its practical application. Being excessively stringent and cumbersome they are not suited to India’s ground reality. While most legal documents require notarization, a living will involves an exorbitant multi-layered approval process.

Firstly, the living will must be signed by two independent witnesses and countersigned by a Judicial Magistrate of First Class (JMFC). Upon an individual’s incapacitation, two medical boards must be constituted. The first board, formed by the hospital, is tasked with preparing a preliminary opinion. The second board, constituted by the jurisdictional collector, is responsible for providing the final opinion. Both boards are required to include expert doctors with at least 20 years of experience. The second board then communicates its decision to the Jurisdictional JMFC who is required to personally visit the patient and, if satisfied, authorize the living will. Such stringent procedures often prolong suffering and undermine the patient’s autonomy.

In light of this, the Hon’ble Supreme Court revisited the 2018 guidelines to streamline the process and reduce delays. Under the 2023 guidelines, attestation is now permitted by a Notary Public or Gazetted Officer instead of requiring a JMFC. Additionally, a 48-hour limitation is established for decisions of the medical board and the mandatory experience requirement for doctors on these boards has been reduced from 20 years to 5 years.

This marks significant progress, however, further revision is still required. In under-resourced areas where access to specialized medical expertise is limited, assembling two medical boards becomes impractical. Even with the 48-hour deadline, delays are inevitable in cases involving public healthcare systems or complex medical situations. The guidelines also lack clarity, particularly in situations where families disagree with the will.

Heavy reliance on in-person documentation also leaves room for corruption and malpractice. This is in stark contrast to other legal processes such as those concerning voter ID registration, Aadhaar issuance, filing a tax return, etc… that are supported by tech-driven processes. Exacerbating the problem, revocation of a living will obligates the exact same procedure as its execution. This may result in a terminally ill patient falling into a vegetative state before he can revoke his advance directive. While safeguards are important, the current framework is disproportionately complex, violating the test of proportionality.

Such barriers erode individual autonomy, and the resulting delays prolong suffering, thereby violating individual dignity. They also disproportionately affect those without legal or medical resources rendering the right inaccessible for many.

Against this backdrop, legislative intervention is pivotal. In 2023, the Apex Court pulled up the ruling government for not passing a law on passive euthanasia. Countries like Canada and the Netherlands provide models for streamlining such procedures and ensuring accessibility through clear legislation and digital systems. It is high time that India enacts a comprehensive law of its own in line with international standards and principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).

Such legislation can reduce procedural complexity, establish a centralized digital registry and ensure legal aid for marginalized groups, thereby honouring the global commitment to dignified healthcare and the constitutional right to a dignified death. Perhaps, it is time to untangle the red tape that stands in the way. 

Trudeau portrays himself as a feminist, yet his sincerity is open to doubt. He portrays himself as an environmentalist, yet his actions indicate a different reality. He often acts on impulse, “I feel like a mosquito in a nudist colony; I’m uncertain about how to proceed” — This sentiment aptly captures the chaos surrounding Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, who seems more focused on cultivating his public image than addressing his duties. He is excessively hypocritical to even think about resigning.

On Monday, Housing Minister Sean Fraser's resignation announcement was still unfolding when channels were filled with ‘breaking news’ that Chrystia Freeland, Finance Minister, has stepped down from her position, citing differences with PM Trudeau regarding the approach to incoming US President Donald Trump's tariff threats. Freeland, a former journalist who won her first election to Parliament in 2013, became a member of Trudeau's cabinet two years later when the Liberals achieved a sweeping victory, taking on significant roles such as trade and foreign ministry and spearheading free trade negotiations with the EU and the United States.

The latest resignations signal that the Canadian Ministry, which consists of Crown Ministers who are also Members of Parliament, is losing faith in Trudeau's leadership. Freeland’s letter to Trudeau stands out as the most commendable action she has taken. Both women, like Solicitor General Jody Wilson-Raybould, disregarded common sense and their legal obligations to Canadians.

Canadians are weary of Trudeau's "shoddy leadership.". He portrays himself as a feminist, yet his sincerity is open to doubt. He portrays himself as an environmentalist, yet his actions indicate a different reality. He often acts on impulse. He tends to elevate his voice towards others when situations do not unfold as he desires. Women in parliament have raised accusations concerning his purported outbursts aimed at them.

Chrystia Freeland’s letter highlights the severity of his “abusive behaviour.” It would be much more appropriate for the letter to originate from Trudeau to the Governor General, resigning from his inadequate position as Prime Minister. Conversely, Fraser's resignation highlights a notable connection between Trudeau's migration policies and the negative effects on the Canadian housing market. The arrival of new migrants has created a demand for housing that is presently lacking. Long-standing Canadians are facing the repercussions as their lenders are requiring increased monthly payments and lengthening amortisation periods — and there is a threshold to how much this can rise.

The present condition of new housing highlights a notable deficiency in affordability, especially in major metropolitan areas like the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) and Vancouver, as well as the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. People are comparing Trudeau to Adolf Hitler in the latter stages of World War II. Everything is falling apart around him, yet he clings to denial about the reality, or maybe he hasn't completely exhausted Canada's resources yet.

He does not demonstrate intelligence. When confronted with questions for which he has no prepared response, he finds himself grappling with his words and is unable to articulate clear answers. He claims that lower-middle-class Canadians do not have to pay taxes. He employs his rehearsed replies even when they are not coherent. His experience seems limited to teaching drama, where he excels at memorising lines but struggles to express ideas beyond them. He may not possess a deep understanding of economics, but he is capable of memorising lines about the topic that resonates with 39 percent of Canadian voters. Trudeau seems to either misunderstand economics or be willing to distort its causes for the sake of electoral advantage. He struggles to manage the budget effectively. The current deficit spending stands at $61.9 billion.

Absolutely! Now, Jagmeet Singh has made a more emphatic declaration that Trudeau must resign. Ultimately, the issue lies with Trudeau himself. He seems to inhabit a different reality where he can deceive, manipulate and mislead Canadians without facing any repercussions. He really ought to have resigned following the last election when he secured his second minority. Even after St-Paul’s, a constituency they have securely maintained for more than 30 years, fell to Conservative Don Stewart.

Following last night's Liberal Christmas party and Trudeau's speech, it seems unlikely that he will ever step down. Nonetheless, I believe his ego will prevent him from stepping down. It seems that his party may ultimately be the one to force him out.
 
Surjit Singh Flora is a veteran journalist and freelance writer based in Brampton, Canada

Every year, India commemorates Constitution Day on November 26 to honor the adoption of its Constitution in 1949. This day celebrates not just a document but the vision of a nation that upholds democracy, justice, equality, and liberty. Among the many who have upheld the spirit of the Constitution over the decades, Dr. Hansraj Bhardwaj, former Law Minister of India, stands out as a guardian of its essence. His unwavering commitment to constitutional values and his role in shaping legal frameworks have left a profound impact on India's democratic fabric. As the Indian parliament debates on the constitution, we must remember the legends who stood strong to safeguard the spirit of constitution. 

The Significance of Constitution Day

The Indian Constitution, drafted under the visionary leadership of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, is the bedrock of the nation's democracy. It outlines citizens' fundamental rights and duties and provides the framework for governance. Constitution Day serves as a reminder of these principles, urging every citizen to uphold the values of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. This day also celebrates the role of individuals who have defended and strengthened the Constitution, ensuring its relevance in an evolving socio-political landscape. Dr. Hansraj Bhardwaj is one such individual whose contributions have fortified India's legal and constitutional ethos.

Dr. Hansraj Bhardwaj: A Lifelong Custodian of Constitutional Ideals

Born in 1937 in Rohtak, Haryana, Dr. Hansraj Bhardwaj embarked on a journey of public service that spanned over four decades. A legal luminary and a seasoned parliamentarian, he served as India’s Law Minister for a record five terms (1984-1989, 1991-1996, and 2004-2009), making him the longest-serving Law Minister in independent India. Dr. Bhardwaj was renowned for his profound understanding of constitutional law and his ability to navigate complex legal issues while adhering to democratic principles. Significant contributions to legal reforms marked his tenure, the protection of fundamental rights, and the safeguarding of judicial independence.

Defending the Spirit of the Constitution

As Law Minister, Dr. Bhardwaj played a pivotal role in ensuring that the Constitution remained a living document, responsive to the needs of the people. He was instrumental in: Dr. Bhardwaj was a staunch advocate for judicial independence. Recognizing the judiciary as the cornerstone of democracy, he championed reforms to enhance its efficiency and accessibility. Under his leadership, significant efforts were made to modernize court infrastructure and reduce case backlogs. Dr. Bhardwaj oversaw the introduction and passage of several landmark legislations, including those aimed at social justice, women's empowerment, and minority rights. His tenure reflected a commitment to bridging the gap between constitutional ideals and societal realities. A believer in inclusive governance, Dr. Bhardwaj actively worked to uphold the constitutional mandate of social justice. He supported policies that addressed systemic inequalities and ensured the protection of marginalized communities. During politically turbulent times, Dr. Bhardwaj stood as a defender of constitutional integrity. Whether addressing issues of federalism, the misuse of constitutional provisions, or executive overreach, he consistently prioritized the rule of law.

Legacy as a Constitutional Statesman

Dr. Bhardwaj's contributions extended beyond his tenure as Law Minister. As the Governor of Karnataka (2009-2014), he continued to uphold constitutional principles, even when faced with political challenges. His tenure was marked by a steadfast commitment to neutrality and adherence to constitutional propriety, exemplifying the role of a governor as envisioned by the framers of the Constitution.

As India observes Constitution Day, the legacy of leaders like Dr. Hansraj Bhardwaj serves as an enduring reminder of the need to safeguard constitutional values. In an era where democratic institutions face increasing challenges, his life’s work underscores the importance of integrity, legal acumen, and a commitment to justice. Dr. Bhardwaj's unwavering belief in the Constitution as a transformative instrument resonates with the ideals enshrined in the Preamble. His efforts to balance individual rights with collective welfare, to protect minorities, and to uphold the independence of the judiciary remain benchmarks for policymakers and legal practitioners.

Conclusion

Constitution Day is not merely a day of reflection; it is a call to action. It urges every citizen to uphold the principles that define India as a democracy. Leaders like Dr. Hansraj Bhardwaj exemplify the courage and wisdom needed to navigate the complexities of governance while staying true to the constitutional vision. As we pay tribute to the framers of the Constitution, let us also honor the guardians who ensure its continued relevance. Dr. Bhardwaj's legacy as a custodian of constitutional essence is a beacon of inspiration, reminding us of our collective responsibility to build a just, equitable, and inclusive society.

“What I would like to do is to leave behind a sustainable entity of a set of companies that operate in an exemplary manner in terms of ethics, values and continue what our ancestors left behind.” Ratan Naval Tata

On 9th October 2024, at exactly 11.30 pm IST,  the towering 5 feet 10 inches tall Surat born Parsee industrialist-philanthropist Padma Vibhushan Ratan (meaning “precious jewel”) Naval Tata, the Chairman Emeritus and the patriarch of the House of Tata, the largest business conglomerate in India (having a staggering annual revenue of over 165 billion US Dollars and encompassing a grand well knit family of over 1 million happy, well cared for and dedicated members worldwide!), breathed his last at the iconic Beach Candy Hospital nestled atop the Arabian Sea facing Cumballa Hill (popularly called “Diplomat’s Hill” or “Ambassador’s Row” and home to the most prominent billionaires in Mumbai, including my old friend Mukesh Ambani) at the age of 86.  He was hospitalised on 7th October, 2024 owing to a critical combination of senescence and hypotension. It was in the very same hospital that my very dear titanic friend and sincere well-wisher Dhirajlal “Dhirubhai” Hirachand Ambani passed away way back on 7th July 2002. At the time of his death, Ratan held a 0.83 percent stake in Tata Sons and had a net worth of Rs 7,900 crores. A large part of his wealth—nearly 75 percent—was tied to his shares in Tata Sons. For Ratan, accolades poured in from across the country and from all corners of the world in a torrential stream. In an impassioned eulogy that reflected the melancholy mood of a shattered nation, our Prime Minister Narendra Modi tweeted - “Shri Ratan Tata was a visionary business leader, a compassionate soul, and an extraordinary human being. He provided stable leadership to one of India’s oldest and most prestigious business houses. At the same time, his contribution went beyond the boardroom. He endeared himself to several people thanks to his humility, kindness and an unwavering commitment to making our society better.”

On 10th October 2024, Eric Garcetti, the US Ambassador to India, lamented the death of the former architecture and structural engineering graduate from the Cornell University College of Architecture, University of California (in 2008, Ratan gifted Cornell University $50 million, becoming the largest international donor in the university’s history!) and the graduate in architecture from the University of California, Berkeley (named after George Berkeley, the distinguished Anglo-Irish philosopher, known as “Bishop Berkeley”, and in collaboration with which Ratan set up the UC-RNT Fund primarily to back Indian startups) who had completed the Advanced Management Program at Harvard Business School, “He was one of those people whose vision was as limitless as the horizon, who helped show what was possible in India and what was possible in the world.” On 13th October 2024, the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin “Bibi” Netanyahu condoled Ratan’s death and highlighted his immense contributions to foster Israel-India ties, “I and many in Israel mourn the loss of Ratan Tata, a proud son of India and a champion of the friendship between our two countries.” On 14th October 2024, Padma Bhushan Natarajan Chandrasekaran, (popularly known as “Chandra”), the most worthy successor of Ratan (he effortlessly stepped into Ratan’s distinguished shoes and proudly donned his enviable mantle on 12th January 2017!) and my personal friend for over 15 years since my heady days as a long term Advisor to Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. (“TCS”), the flagship of the prodigious Tata fleet, paid an effusive heartfelt homage to his former boss and mentor, “Anybody who met Mr. Tata came away with a story about his humanity, warmth, and dreams for India. There was no one like him.” 

Joseph Bitner Wirthlin, the renowned American businessman and religious leader rightly observed, “Some memories are unforgettable, remaining ever vivid and heartwarming!” In a moment of helpless nostalgia, my mind goes back irresistibly to the rather sultry summer day in the year 1986 when I fortuitously met Ratan (he was then the Chairman of Tata Industries and had in that capacity drafted the Tata Strategic Plan) for the very first time within the majestic confines of the Taj Palace Hotel, the only “palace” hotel in the national capital since 1983. I briefly introduced myself to Ratan telling him four distinct facets about myself : (a) I was a limb of the law and my senior and guru was Asoke Kumar Sen (“Asoke Mamu”), the then Union Law Minister in the Cabinet of my charismatic friend Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (“Rajiv Bhai”), and the undisputed leader of the Indian Bar; (b) the two topmost Parsee lawyers of the country viz. Nanabhoy “Nani” Ardeshir Palkhivala, one of the inextricable doyens of the House of Tata, and Uncle Fali, were not only close to me and Asoke Mamu but were my professional heroes and role-models; (c) I was a close friend and fervent associate of  “PV” Narasimha Rao, the then Union Minister of Home Affairs, who was my steadfast mentor and father figure (“Uncle PV”); and (d) I had a close association with Tata Steel and in particular with Russi Mody, its effervescent foodaholic Chairman & Managing Director, whom I had introduced to Uncle PV and who had scrupulously mulled the idea of using my voice for a documentary film entitled “Tata Steel - Challenge of the 80s” as the narrator because he felt (in all seriousness!) that I possessed a “Voice of Steel”. Ratan looked visibly impressed and disclosed to me that he had indeed seen the film on Tata Steel on one of his numerous visits to Jamshedpur.

Ratan often stayed at a modest guest house in the Tata Apartments at 23, Prithviraj Road, New Delhi. During those vibrant days, Uncle PV, residing at 9, Motilal Nehru Marg, frequently visited the iconic coffee shop Machan in Taj Mansingh Hotel. There, he would catch up with friends like me over endless cups of freshly brewed, sugar-free filter coffee, accompanied by steamed idlis and vadas soaked in mild sambar. If Ratan happened to be at the hotel during these visits, he never missed the opportunity to greet Uncle PV, whom he deeply admired. After Uncle PV assumed the role of Prime Minister on 21 June, 1991, following the tragic assassination of Rajiv Bhai on 21 May 1991, but before moving into the official residence at 7, Race Course Road (now Lok Kalyan Marg), a special suite was arranged for his family and close associates at the Taj Mansingh Hotel. This arrangement, facilitated through Ratan's efforts, ensured the comfort and security of Uncle PV's family. The suite was guarded round the clock by the Special Protection Group (SPG), and Ratan personally oversaw their well-being during their stay. I had the extraordinary privilege of staying with Uncle PV at his residence even before he became the Prime Minister, a position that would later redefine the country's destiny. As a frequent visitor to the Taj Mansingh suite, I often interacted with Uncle PV’s sons, Rajeshwar and Prabhakar, under the vigilant watch of SPG personnel. It was there that I first met one of my close friend Prashant Tewari, who worked closely with Uncle PV and Hansraj Bhardwaj, co-ordinating key developments during that pivotal period. Ratan, as always, proved to be a gracious and hospitable host throughout these memorable interactions.

On 26th November, 2008, “a date which will live in infamy”, Mumbai, the financial capital of India, witnessed a brutal, dastardly terrorist attack orchestrated by the Pakistani sponsored group Lashkar-e-Taiba, when the Indian Home Secretary Madukar Gupta, by an ominous coincidence, was enjoying Pakistan’s hospitality in Murree, a mountain resort city close to Islamabad. Ten highly trained and heavily armed terrorists infiltrated the city, having stealthily landed in inflatable speed boats at Macchimar Nagar, in Mumbai's Cuffe Parade neighbourhood, and heinously targeted several meticulously planned locations, including the Taj Mahal Palace.  The Indian Government’s response to the attack was “pusillanimous”, as aptly observed by the Hindustan Times on 26th November, 2023! Lamentably, the UPA Government was being led by a weak, diffident, rudderless and indecisive Prime Minister Manmohan Singh (who had blamed his mentor Uncle PV for the massacre of Sikhs in 1984 without a shred of evidence and had done precious little to bring the perpetrators of the genocide to book or alleviate the suffering of the victims, particularly widows!), reminiscent of Sir Arthur  Neville Chamberlain at the outbreak of the Second World War. The attack claimed 166 lives, including 33 at the Taj Mahal Palace, and did not spare even the General Manager of the hotel Karambir Singh Kang’s wife Niti and his two young teenage sons Uday and Samar. Gautam Shantilal Adani, the Indian billionaire businessman (who has recently been in the eye of a storm!), by a superb stroke of luck, managed to save himself by hiding in the kitchen of the hotel! Defying all odds, it was Ratan who in a truly Churchillian manner valiantly rose to the occasion and provided the much-needed leadership to an embattled nation facing an “ordeal of the most grievous kind”! In the face of the attack watched by a shell-shocked nation, Ratan, who was then 70, displayed superhuman courage, resolve and determination. He strode like a colossus and stood like the Rock of Gibraltar at the Colaba end of the Taj Mahal Palace for 3 days, as security forces fiercely battled the terrorists in the Taj Mahal Palace. Everyone became just those inches taller, every back just that much broader, as Ratan’s own was. This was undoubtedly Ratan’s finest hour when he embodied the will, spirit and grit of our people..indomitable, undaunted, relentless!

I have a myriad of friends who knew Ratan intimately and worked with him closely. All of them are unquestionably ad idem about Ratan: “He was a genuinely good, dedicated and large-hearted soul filled with the milk of human kindness and  our age is hardly fit to understand him.” At the same time, I can assert, without mincing words, that there are many unscrupulous men and women, including foreign nationals, who conveniently basked in the warmth of Ratan’s sunshine, recklessly flaunted, dropped or exploited his name for personal gain and private considerations in India and even beyond its frontiers and promoted, projected and publicised themselves by misusing his name thereby bringing unspeakable disgrace, dishonour and discredit to Ratan and the House of Tata. It is heartening to note that Chandra has managed to astutely keep at bay all such persons in the best interests of the House of Tata!

Be that as it may, we should remember the stellar quality of Ratan’s character as well as the remarkable range of his achievements. In his love of adventure and his imaginative powers, he was far removed from the modern industrialist-philanthropist. Yet everyone who came in contact with him paid tribute to the unimaginable power of his mind. He had an aptitude for business which raised him far above the ordinary levels of our generation. He had a firmness of spirit that was not often elated by success, seldom downcast by failure and never swayed by panic.  He loved life and was perfectly at peace with himself and the world around him. He could be helplessly uproarious. He wanted everyone to be happy. He wanted to taste and try everything that life could offer. Power never corrupted him, nor did success make him conceited, arrogant, or pompous. Beyond his reputation as a business magnate and animal lover, Ratan’s tenure as Chairman of the Tata Trusts has left an inerasable mark on India’s cultural kaleidoscope. The trusts have spearheaded numerous initiatives across healthcare, education, environment and disaster relief and their manifold contributions to art and culture stand out as particularly noteworthy. With no thought of the length of time he might be permitted on Planet Earth, Ratan was concerned solely with the quality of the service he could render to his nation and humanity.

I cannot do better than conclude with Modi’s emotional tribute in the press and media on 9th November 2024:

“As we remember him today, we are reminded of the society he envisioned—where business can serve as a force for good, where every individual’s potential is valued and where progress is measured in the well-being and happiness of all. He remains alive in the lives he touched and the dreams he nurtured. Generations will be grateful to him for making India a better, kinder and more hopeful place.”

The author is an internationally reputed senior lawyer practicing in the Supreme Court of India and various High Courts and Tribunals in India.

The cooperative model, rooted in mutual collaboration and community-centric development, has played a pivotal role in shaping the socio-economic landscape of India. As the country navigates challenges of economic inequality, rural underdevelopment, and employment creation, cooperatives offer a sustainable framework to empower communities and promote inclusive growth. This article explores the evolution of the cooperative model, its future opportunities, policy advancements, technological integration, and how it is poised to transform India’s rural economy.

The cooperative movement in India began during the colonial era, primarily to address agrarian distress. The Cooperative Societies Act of 1904 marked the formal establishment of this framework, enabling credit cooperatives to tackle usurious lending practices. Post-independence, cooperatives became integral to India’s Five-Year Plans, especially in sectors like agriculture, dairy, and small-scale industries.

The success of initiatives like the White Revolution, driven by dairy cooperatives under the leadership of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) and institutions like Amul, showcased the transformative potential of the cooperative model. Over the decades, the scope of cooperatives expanded to include housing, labor, fisheries, handlooms, and banking. Today, India boasts over 8 lakh cooperative societies, contributing significantly to rural employment, agricultural output, and financial inclusion. However, challenges like lack of professionalism, limited technological adoption, and bureaucratic inefficiencies continue to impede their full potential.

Future Opportunities in the Cooperative Sector
The cooperative model holds immense promise in fostering economic equality and social welfare. Some of the key opportunities include:

1. Agri-Tech and Value-Added Farming
Cooperatives can serve as conduits for farmers to adopt agri-tech solutions like precision farming, soil health monitoring, and smart irrigation. By pooling resources, small and marginal farmers can invest in technology and access high-value markets, boosting productivity and profitability.

2. Strengthening Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)
With government support, cooperatives can evolve into robust Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), helping farmers collectively procure inputs, access credit, and sell produce at competitive prices. This will reduce exploitation by intermediaries and increase farmer incomes.

3. Renewable Energy Cooperatives
The renewable energy sector, particularly solar and biomass energy, offers lucrative opportunities for cooperatives. By setting up community-owned energy projects, rural areas can achieve energy self-sufficiency while creating local employment.

4. Women-Led Cooperatives
Women’s participation in cooperatives can be a game-changer, especially in sectors like self-help groups (SHGs), crafts, and dairy. Empowering women through cooperatives will not only enhance household incomes but also contribute to broader social equity.

5. Export-Oriented Initiatives
With adequate policy support, cooperatives can tap into international markets, especially for organic produce, handicrafts, and textiles. Branding and marketing initiatives can help rural producers gain global recognition.

Policy and Collaborative Ecosystem
A supportive policy environment is critical for the cooperative sector's growth. Key areas of focus include:

1. Legal and Institutional Reforms
Modernizing the legal framework governing cooperatives is essential to ensure transparency, accountability, and efficiency. The recently established Ministry of Cooperation aims to streamline policy interventions and bolster the sector's capabilities.

2. Credit and Financial Inclusion
Access to affordable credit remains a challenge for many cooperatives. Policies must prioritize cooperative banks and microfinance institutions to ensure liquidity and financial support for rural enterprises.

3. Collaborative Public-Private Models
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) can bring much-needed expertise, innovation, and capital to cooperatives. Corporates can collaborate with cooperatives under their CSR initiatives to develop skills, technology, and market linkages.

4. Capacity Building and Training
Skill development and leadership training for cooperative members and leaders can foster professionalism. Collaborations with educational institutions and NGOs can help in building a strong knowledge base.

5. Digital Integration
The government’s push for a Digital India can be leveraged to digitize cooperative operations, ensuring transparency, real-time monitoring, and access to e-markets.

Technological Integration: The Game-Changer
The integration of technology in cooperatives is pivotal for their modernization and efficiency. Some promising technological avenues include:

1. Digital Platforms for Market Linkages
E-commerce platforms can connect rural producers directly with consumers, eliminating middlemen and ensuring fair prices. Platforms like eNAM (National Agriculture Market) can be further strengthened for cooperative participation.

2. Blockchain for Transparency
Blockchain technology can be used to maintain transparent records of transactions, inventory, and member contributions, ensuring trust and accountability within cooperatives.

3. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Agriculture
AI-powered tools for weather prediction, pest control, and crop management can help cooperatives optimize agricultural output.

4. Mobile Banking and Digital Payments
Mobile-based financial services can enhance the operational efficiency of cooperative banks, making financial transactions seamless for rural members.

5. Data Analytics for Decision-Making
Data-driven insights can guide cooperatives in resource allocation, market trends, and demand forecasting, improving their competitiveness.

Transforming the Indian Rural Economy
The cooperative model is uniquely positioned to address the multifaceted challenges of India’s rural economy. Its potential impacts include:

1. Employment Generation
By organizing local resources and creating value chains, cooperatives can generate sustainable employment opportunities in rural areas, reducing migration to urban centers.

2. Enhancing Agricultural Productivity
Through collective farming, access to modern technology, and better supply chain management, cooperatives can significantly boost agricultural productivity and rural incomes.

3. Financial Inclusion
Cooperative banks and credit societies play a crucial role in providing affordable credit to underserved rural populations, fostering entrepreneurial activities.

4. Empowerment of Marginalized Groups
Cooperatives create a platform for marginalized communities, including women and tribal populations, to participate in economic activities, enhancing their social and economic status.

5. Promoting Sustainable Development
From renewable energy projects to organic farming, cooperatives can champion sustainable practices, contributing to environmental conservation and climate resilience.

Roadmap Ahead
The roadmap for strengthening India’s cooperative sector involves a multi-pronged approach:

Policy Push: Implementing targeted policies to modernize the legal and financial frameworks of cooperatives.
Capacity Building: Fostering leadership and management skills within cooperatives to drive innovation and growth.
Tech-Driven Solutions: Leveraging digital tools to enhance operational efficiency, transparency, and market access.
Collaborative Models: Encouraging partnerships with corporates, NGOs, and international agencies for knowledge-sharing and investment.
Monitoring and Accountability: Establishing mechanisms to ensure accountability, minimize corruption, and promote good governance in cooperative societies.

Conclusion
The rise of the cooperative economic framework represents a paradigm shift in how India approaches inclusive development. By empowering communities, promoting equitable resource distribution, and leveraging technology, cooperatives can bridge the rural-urban divide and drive sustainable growth. As India aspires to become a $5 trillion economy, strengthening the cooperative model will not only uplift millions of rural livelihoods but also reinforce the nation’s commitment to self-reliance and shared prosperity. The future of India’s rural economy lies in the power of collective effort—where every hand contributes, and every hand benefits.