In the long and complex history of the Indian National Congress, few leaders embody organisational loyalty and grassroots credibility as profoundly as Mallikarjun Kharge. His election as Congress President in October 2022 marked a historic departure from nearly a quarter century of Gandhi family stewardship, making him the first non-Gandhi party chief in 24 years. At a time when the party was confronting electoral setbacks and internal introspection, his elevation signalled both continuity and institutional renewal. Rather than emerging through charisma-driven mobilisation, Kharge rose through decades of disciplined organisational work, reinforcing the Congress tradition of leadership shaped by structure and ideological commitment rather than spectacle.

Born on July 21, 1942, in Warwatti village in present-day Bidar district of Karnataka, Kharge’s early life was marked by social and economic hardship. Educated in Gulbarga (now Kalaburagi), where he completed his graduation and law degree, he first displayed leadership as General Secretary of the Student Union at Government College. As a practicing lawyer, he became closely associated with labour unions, defending workers in industrial disputes and earning the enduring nickname “Solillada Sardar” — the leader who never lost an election. His formal entry into the Congress in 1969 coincided with a transformative phase in Indian politics. In 1972, he was elected to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Gurmitkal, beginning a rare record of nine consecutive Assembly victories spanning nearly four decades. Handling key portfolios such as Revenue, Rural Development, Industries, Transport, and Water Resources across successive state governments, Kharge established a reputation for administrative rigour, land reform initiatives, and strengthening Panchayati Raj institutions.

Kharge’s shift to national politics in 2009, after winning the Lok Sabha election from Gulbarga, marked a new phase in his public life. As Union Minister for Labour and Employment, he focused on expanding social security for unorganised workers, strengthening Employees’ State Insurance coverage, and broadening provident fund access. In 2013, as Minister of Railways, he emphasised safety and institutional stability during a challenging period for the ministry. Following the Congress defeat in the 2014 general elections, Kharge was appointed Leader of the Congress Party in the Lok Sabha, becoming one of the principal opposition voices despite limited parliamentary numbers. Later elected to the Rajya Sabha in 2020, he assumed the role of Leader of the Opposition in 2021, where he consistently raised concerns on federalism, institutional autonomy, agrarian distress, and legislative scrutiny, earning cross-party respect for his measured and constitutionally grounded interventions.

Kharge’s election as Congress President in 2022 represented both symbolic and structural significance: a senior Dalit leader ascending to the party’s highest office through an internal electoral process. As president, he has prioritised booth-level restructuring, revival of frontal organisations, opposition coordination, and internal dialogue, while maintaining organisational continuity. His leadership style rests on consensus-building rather than populism, administrative discipline rather than rhetorical flourish. A consistent advocate of social justice, reservation safeguards, and constitutional protections, he has carefully balanced identity representation with institutional responsibility. From the Assembly corridors of Karnataka to the national Parliament and party presidency, Kharge’s five-decade career reflects endurance, discipline, and principled politics. In an era often defined by immediacy and spectacle, his journey stands as a testament to steady organisational work and democratic resilience.

The author is a Congress Grassroots Leader based in Bengaluru

Raminder Singh Ranger, Baron Ranger, is a distinguished British-Indian businessman and Conservative politician. Founder of the multinational consumer goods company Sun Mark, Lord Ranger has been a member of the House of Lords since 2019.

Born in Gujranwala just before the partition of India, Lord Ranger faced profound early hardships. His father, an outspoken opponent of partition, was assassinated before his birth. His family relocated to Patiala, where his widowed mother raised him along with seven siblings. After completing his BA from Chandigarh, Lord Ranger moved to the UK in 1971 to study law but had to abandon his studies due to financial challenges. From humble beginnings — working at KFC and Currys — he built a remarkable business empire, founding Sea, Air and Land Forwarding in 1987 and Sun Mark in 1995. His companies have earned multiple Queen’s Awards for export excellence. A major Conservative Party donor, Lord Ranger has contributed over £1.5 million and served as co-chairman of Conservative Friends of India.

During his recent visit to India to honour his father Shaheed Nanak Singh, Lord Ranger spoke with Prashant Tewari. The ceremony was chaired by Union Cabinet Minister Mr Hardeep Singh Puri. An Exclusive Conversation with Lord Ranger

Prashant Tewari: Lord Ranger, it’s an honour to have you with us. To begin, how do you view the evolving role of the NRI community in India’s nation-building journey?

Lord Ranger: Thank you, Prashant. It’s a pleasure. The NRI community has always been vital to India’s progress, but today, our role is more strategic. Beyond remittances and real estate, we build global bridges and shape perceptions of India abroad. As India’s stature grows, our responsibility as unofficial ambassadors has increased significantly.

Prashant Tewari: You’ve often championed NRI engagement. What makes this diaspora so influential?

Lord Ranger: It’s a combination of education, enterprise, and emotion. NRIs are among the most educated, industrious communities globally. We carry values of hard work, respect for knowledge, and a deep-rooted connection to Bharat. Across fields like technology, healthcare, and business, we are actively contributing to India’s innovation and growth story.

Prashant Tewari: India’s global ascent is evident. How do you perceive Bharat’s position today?

Lord Ranger: India has become a beacon of resilience and leadership. Whether supplying vaccines to over 100 countries during the pandemic or taking bold stands at global summits, India today speaks with unmatched confidence. The G20 presidency was a landmark moment, showcasing Bharat’s blend of ancient wisdom and modern innovation.

Prashant Tewari: What steps can further strengthen NRI engagement in India's growth?

Lord Ranger: The government’s initiatives like Pravasi Bharatiya Divas are commendable. However, more can be done — establishing NRI think tanks, involving diaspora leaders in policymaking, and simplifying investment procedures. NRIs are eager to contribute; the framework must make it easier and more effective.

Prashant Tewari: Finally, what message would you like to give young Indians around the world?

Lord Ranger: Believe in Bharat. We are at the threshold of extraordinary achievements. With our youthful population, digital edge, and rich cultural heritage, India is poised to lead the world. Whether you are in Mumbai or Melbourne, contribute your skills and values. Nation-building is a shared duty — embrace it wholeheartedly.

Prashant Tewari: Thank you, Lord Ranger, for your inspiring insights.

Sai Maa is a distinguished spiritual luminary, healer, and humanitarian renowned for her unique integration of Eastern spiritual traditions and Western therapeutic methodologies. Born on August 2, 1953, into a Hindu family on the island of Mauritius, Sai Maa exhibited profound spiritual inclinations from an early age. At 21, she relocated to France, where she married a research scientist and became a mother of two. During her time in France, Sai Maa pursued certifications in naturopathy, homeopathy, and osteopathy, establishing a private practice that combined alternative healing modalities with Western therapeutic training. Her commitment to societal well-being extended into politics, serving on the Bordeaux City Council and contributing to healthcare reforms within the European Union. 

A pivotal moment in Sai Maa's spiritual journey occurred in her late twenties when she met Sathya Sai Baba, a revered spiritual leader, and became his devoted disciple. This relationship deepened her spiritual practices and commitment to humanitarian service. In the early 1990s, Sai Maa began offering events and seminars across the United States, leading to the establishment of Humanity in Unity, a non-profit organization based in Boulder, Colorado, in 2000. This organization facilitated educational programs and humanitarian services worldwide for over a decade. She also founded the Temple of Consciousness Ashram in Crestone, Colorado, serving as a global retreat center and the home of her monastic order for seven years. In 2010, Sai Maa directed her monastic community to establish global centers in France, India, Japan, Israel, and South America to disseminate her teachings. 

A synthesis of Eastern spirituality, Western therapeutic knowledge, and energy mastery characterizes Sai Maa's teachings. She emphasizes personal transformation, self-mastery, and the alleviation of human suffering. Her global outreach includes large public events, seminars, and online courses, attracting thousands of students worldwide. She has authored "Petals of Grace: Essential Teachings for Self-Mastery" and contributed to "Grandmothers Counsel the World," reflecting her commitment to global unity and compassion. 

In recognition of her spiritual mastery and humanitarian efforts, Sai Maa was honored with the title of Jagadguru in 2007, becoming the first woman in 2,700 years to receive this distinction in the Vishnuswami lineage. This title, meaning "Guru of the world," acknowledges her role in promoting global enlightenment and the rise of the Divine Feminine. 

Beyond her spiritual teachings, Sai Maa established the Sai Maa Vishnu Shakti Trust in 2007, a registered Indian charity dedicated to various humanitarian projects. These initiatives include a center for women's empowerment, distribution of food, clothing, and medical services to those in need, and disaster relief efforts. In 2009, the Trust acquired property at the Harishchandra Ghat in Varanasi, serving as its national headquarters and housing the Sathya Sai Maa Shaktidhaam Ashram, which opened in 2019. 

Sai Maa's influence extends to global forums, having participated in events with the Dalai Lama and Thich Nhat Hanh, and contributing to international dialogues on religion and modern civilization. Her teachings continue to inspire individuals worldwide, guiding them toward a path of love, compassion, and self-realization.

"She is strength wrapped in grace, resilience in every stride. A dreamer, a doer, a nurturer, a guide. She builds, she heals, she leads with light—A force of courage, love, and might."

Antara Sarkar is the founder of two impactful initiatives—Sunday Class and The Pink Engine. Both projects reflect her deep passion for education, innovation, and social change. Antara is a TEDx Speaker and was honored with the iVolunteer Hero Award in 2022. Here is an extensive interaction with Opinion Express columnist Shakila M. 

Interviewer: Hi Antara, thank you for joining us. Could you introduce yourself to our readers?

Antara Sarkar: Absolutely! I am the founder of two impactful initiatives—Sunday Class and The Pink Engine. Both projects reflect my deep passion for education, innovation, and social change. I’m also a TEDx Speaker and was honored with the iVolunteer Hero Award in 2022.

Interviewer: Let’s start with Sunday Class. What is it, and what inspired you to create it?

Antara Sarkar: Sunday Class is a non-profit initiative that provides STEM education to underprivileged children. Unlike traditional programs, it doesn’t focus solely on academics but serves as a safe space where children can explore robotics, electronics, fashion design, and discuss essential topics like menstruation, LGBTQ+ rights, and child safety.

The idea for Sunday Class came from witnessing the challenges children in low-income communities face. Many were dropping out of school due to financial constraints or household responsibilities. I knew that education was the only way to break this cycle, so I personally worked with families to ensure these kids got back into school. My husband and I have supported them in securing placements in reputable institutions, and our home remains open to them for learning and guidance. We’ve run Sunday Class for nearly a decade without taking a single salary—this is our Seva Bhav.

Interviewer: That’s incredible! How has Sunday Class impacted these children’s lives?

Antara Sarkar: The impact has been transformative. Many of these children were forced into labor at a young age, working as domestic help or in factories. When we started, our biggest challenge was convincing families to prioritize education. I personally visited their homes, sometimes calling parents multiple times a day for months. Eventually, I was able to enroll every dropout child in our community back into school.

Even today, we continue to support their education, providing mentorship, guidance, and a safe learning space. Seeing them succeed is the biggest reward.

Interviewer: Moving on to The Pink Engine—your second initiative. How did that come to life?

Antara Sarkar: The Pink Engine was born from my childhood love for trains. One day, I was looking for scaled models of Indian trains but found that no one was making them. That’s when we decided to create them ourselves.

We started with just a concept, but today, The Pink Engine is the only company in the world manufacturing miniature Indian train models scaled to 1/100th of their original size. Our models have found homes in universities, museums, and exhibitions across Japan, the US, the UK, and Hong Kong. What began as a personal fascination has grown into a globally recognized brand, and that fills me with immense pride.

Interviewer: That’s an amazing achievement. Given that this year’s International Women’s Day theme is “Accelerate Action,” how do you embody this in your work?

Antara Sarkar: To me, accelerating action means taking decisive steps toward meaningful change. At Sunday Class, I didn’t wait for someone else to help—I personally fought to bring dropouts back into school. At The Pink Engine, I saw a male-dominated field and made it a point to hire young women to break barriers.

Interviewer: Can you tell us more about your efforts to include women in your ventures?

Antara Sarkar: Yes! When The Pink Engine started growing, I needed a workforce. Instead of following the industry norm, I consciously hired young women. The world of train modeling and manufacturing is almost entirely male-dominated, and I wanted to change that. By hiring women, we not only scaled our production but also created opportunities for female representation in a field where they were nearly absent.

Interviewer: That’s a strong commitment to women’s empowerment. Do you think we are moving towards real gender equality?

Antara Sarkar: We are progressing, but too slowly. According to the World Economic Forum, at our current pace, gender equality won’t be achieved until 2158—five generations from now. That’s why immediate action is necessary. Women should not just be participants but decision-makers in every industry.

Interviewer: Has this mindset shaped your journey?

Antara Sarkar: Absolutely. Whether through Sunday Class or The Pink Engine, I’ve learned that change happens when we act, not just discuss. Every step forward matters.

Interviewer: When do you think is the right time to accelerate in life?

Antara Sarkar: Timing is crucial. Before accelerating, you must understand the landscape. At Sunday Class, I didn’t immediately start making changes—I spent time understanding each child’s struggles. At The Pink Engine, I researched the market before launching our models. My advice:

1. Start working on your idea.

2. Crawl, walk, jog—before you run.

3. Learn, adapt, then scale.

This ensures sustainable and meaningful acceleration.

Interviewer: Who are the women who have inspired you?

Antara Sarkar: My mother has been my biggest support. My journey is unconventional—I’m child-free by choice yet dedicate my life to other children’s education. I left a corporate job at JP Morgan to build my ventures. Through all of this, my mother has defended my choices.

I have also been fortunate to have incredible female friends. Women like Shikha, Priyanka, and Gauri have supported me in ways that aren’t documented but are invaluable. Strong friendships make all the difference.

Interviewer: You’ve been a mentor for many. Would you continue mentoring women pro bono?

Antara Sarkar: I already do and have for over a decade. Whether it’s academic guidance, personal struggles, or professional advice, I am always there for my students and employees. This is who I am, 24/7.

Interviewer: What is your success mantra?

Antara Sarkar: I believe there is no failure—only life experiences. People might say, "She helped a girl, but she dropped out again" or "She made a model, but it didn’t sell." I don’t see these as failures but as learning experiences. Every setback has made me wiser.

I recently spoke at TEDx and won a national award for my social work. Ten years ago, I couldn’t have imagined this. The struggles led me to unexpected places, and for that, I’m grateful.

Interviewer: One action statement that can create a big impact for women?

Antara Sarkar: I’ll quote a song by Sona Mohapatra—“Paaon pe chhaale hai, saansein buland. Ladne chali hoon aazaadi ki jung.”

Yes, resistance exists. Yes, the journey is hard. But if you truly want independence, you must fight for it. No one will hand you freedom—you have to claim it.

Interviewer: Any final advice for personal and professional growth?

Antara Sarkar: Surround yourself with the right people. If you choose a life partner, ensure they support your dreams rather than hinder them. Success comes from an environment that nurtures growth.

Interviewer: Thank you for sharing your inspiring story, Antara.

Antara Sarkar: Thank you! It’s an honor to contribute to change in any way I can.

In pic: Founder Member Mr. KN Ranganathan with H.E. Frank Wisner Patron of Friends of US  

Frank Wisner, a distinguished diplomat and former U.S. ambassador to India, passed away on February 24, 2025, at 86. His extraordinary career in public service left an indelible mark on U.S.-India relations, shaping a lasting partnership between the two nations.

Spanning over four decades, Wisner’s diplomatic career began in the 1960s. Born into a family of diplomats, he deeply understood the power of international engagement. As U.S. Ambassador to India (1994-97), he played a crucial role in strengthening bilateral ties, especially in security, trade, and cultural exchange during a period of global uncertainty.

Wisner was instrumental in the landmark U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement (2005), fostering deeper cooperation in energy and global security. His efforts helped redefine the relationship beyond Cold War tensions, focusing on shared strategic interests, counterterrorism, and regional stability. His diplomacy extended beyond policies—he connected deeply with the Indian people and culture.

A staunch advocate for economic collaboration, Wisner championed trade and investment, enabling U.S. businesses to thrive in India while supporting India’s rise as a global economic power. He also promoted scientific and technological cooperation, strengthening the innovation ecosystem.

Believing in the power of people-to-people diplomacy, Wisner encouraged educational and cultural exchanges, creating lasting connections between the two nations. His support for NGOs in development, health, and social equity ensured sustained momentum in U.S.-India ties beyond government initiatives.

Frank Wisner’s legacy is one of vision, perseverance, and diplomacy. His contributions will continue to inspire future leaders dedicated to peace, cooperation, and mutual understanding. He is survived by his family, friends, and a world forever shaped by his commitment to stronger U.S.-India relations.

Inputs from Founding Member Mr. KN Ranganathan
Team - Friends of US 

The appointment of Shaktikanta Das as the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister is a strategic decision that brings a wealth of economic expertise and administrative acumen to the highest level of governance. With his vast experience as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and a distinguished career in economic policymaking, Das is well-equipped to provide crucial guidance to the government at a time when the global economic landscape is undergoing profound shifts.

Shaktikanta Das has played a pivotal role in shaping India’s economic policies. As the RBI Governor, he successfully steered the country through multiple financial crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic, ensuring monetary stability while promoting growth. Under his leadership, the central bank took decisive steps to manage inflation, enhance liquidity, and strengthen India’s financial system.

His tenure at the RBI also saw the implementation of crucial banking reforms, digital payment innovations, and strategic interventions to sustain economic growth. He was instrumental in the management of India's inflation-targeting framework and was an advocate of financial inclusion. Prior to his role at the RBI, he served as the Secretary of Economic Affairs and played a key role in major policy decisions, including the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and the demonetization process in 2016. His deep understanding of fiscal and monetary policies makes him an invaluable advisor to the Prime Minister, particularly at a time when the global economy is facing uncertainty.

The world economy is currently navigating turbulent waters, with challenges such as rising geopolitical tensions, trade conflicts, and slowing economic growth in major economies. The United States has adopted an aggressive trade policy, imposing tariffs on imports, which could disrupt global supply chains and impact Indian exports. China, one of the world's largest economies, is experiencing a slowdown, with reduced consumer demand, a real estate crisis, and a weakening financial sector. Given India's deep trade ties with China, these developments could have ripple effects on Indian industries.

The ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East further complicate the global economic scenario. The Israel-Iran proxy war and the Russia-Ukraine conflict have led to volatile energy prices, supply chain disruptions, and heightened global security concerns. Meanwhile, Europe is grappling with its own economic and security challenges, adding to global uncertainty.

Against this backdrop, India needs a strong and steady hand in economic policymaking. Das, with his extensive knowledge of economic management and global financial trends, can help the Prime Minister and the government navigate these crises effectively. His ability to balance growth with financial prudence will be instrumental in ensuring India's economic resilience. India, as one of the fastest-growing major economies, requires strategic planning to sustain its growth momentum. The government is focusing on increasing infrastructure investment, boosting domestic manufacturing through initiatives like "Make in India," and strengthening the digital economy.

Das’s expertise in financial markets and banking regulations will be critical in ensuring that India's credit system supports economic expansion while maintaining financial stability. He can provide policy inputs to enhance foreign direct investment (FDI), strengthen the rupee, and manage inflationary pressures. His tenure at the RBI demonstrated his ability to handle complex financial situations with a pragmatic approach, which will be crucial in driving India's long-term economic strategy.

Moreover, his administrative background as a senior bureaucrat adds to his effectiveness. Having worked in the finance and economic ministries, Das understands the workings of the government and the policymaking process. His ability to coordinate between different ministries and financial institutions will streamline decision-making and implementation.

The role of the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister is crucial in ensuring that policy decisions are well-informed, efficiently implemented, and aligned with the nation’s broader strategic objectives. In Das, the Prime Minister has a trusted advisor who can bridge the gap between financial expertise and administrative execution. His appointment also reassures investors and markets, as his presence signals continuity in economic policymaking. Stability in financial leadership is crucial for investor confidence, and Das’s role will help India maintain credibility in global markets.

At a time when the world is witnessing shifts in global power dynamics, economic realignments, and rising geopolitical risks, India needs strong leadership and sound economic management. Shaktikanta Das’s appointment as Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister ensures that the government has the right expertise at the helm to steer the country toward sustainable growth and economic resilience.

In conclusion, his deep-rooted knowledge of economic policies, coupled with his administrative capabilities, makes him an asset to the nation. As India continues its journey toward becoming a global economic powerhouse, his guidance will play a pivotal role in shaping policies that strengthen the economy and enhance India's standing on the world stage.

In pic - Mr Prashant Tewari Editor-in-Chief Opinion Express with Mr Osamu Suzuki -San, Chairman & CEO of Suzuki Motor Corporation.  

Osamu Suzuki, the trailblazing former chairman and CEO of Suzuki Motor Corporation, passed away on Friday at the age of 94, the company announced. Revered for his transformative leadership and approachable demeanor, Suzuki played a pivotal role in transforming the Japanese mini-vehicle manufacturer into a global powerhouse.

Born Osamu Matsuda on January 30, 1930, he graduated from Tokyo's Chuo University School of Law and began his career in banking. His journey with Suzuki Motor began in 1958 when he joined the company after marrying the daughter of then-president Shunzo Suzuki. Following Japanese custom, Matsuda adopted his wife’s family name.

Suzuki ascended to CEO in 1978, guiding the company through an era of bold international expansion. He was instrumental in Suzuki’s landmark move to establish local production in India, a decision that cemented the brand’s popularity and dominance in the Indian market. Under his leadership, Suzuki became synonymous with affordable, reliable vehicles that captured the hearts of millions.

He was extremely close to Prashant Tewari Editor of Opinion Express and was known for his wit and humility, Suzuki often described himself as an “old guy from a small to mid-size company,” despite overseeing a global empire. His legacy endures in Suzuki’s continued success and influence in the automotive world. 

Tabla maestro Ustad Zakir Hussain, a global ambassador of Indian classical music, passed away at 73 in San Francisco on Sunday due to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Known for his brilliance, Hussain elevated the modest tabla to a global symbol of India’s rich heritage over his five-decade career.

Hussain, born into a musical lineage, was trained rigorously by his father and legendary tabla exponent Ustad Alla Rakha. His talent was evident early on, debuting at seven and touring globally by his teens. Moving to the U.S. at 20, he taught at the Ali Akbar College of Music and co-founded Shakti with guitarist John McLaughlin, pioneering the genre of world music. His collaborations with luminaries like George Harrison, Mickey Hart, and Pandit Ravi Shankar expanded the tabla’s horizons, blending tradition with innovation.

Renowned for his dazzling rhythms and expressive artistry, Hussain’s performances, whether in intimate gatherings or global stages, were spiritual experiences. From “Mile Sur Mera Tumhara” to Shakti’s trailblazing work, he seamlessly bridged cultures, earning multiple Grammys and India’s Padma Vibhushan.

Hussain’s humility matched his genius. He called music an act of worship, famously recalling his father whispering tabla bols as prayers in his ears as a child. Despite his fame, he remained deeply connected to his roots, evidenced by his poignant role as pallbearer for santoor legend Pt Shiv Kumar Sharma.

A visiting professor at Stanford and Princeton, Hussain mentored countless students, leaving an indelible legacy. His family, including wife Antonia Minnecola and daughters Isabella and Anisa, paid tribute, highlighting his commitment to inspiring future generations.

Zakir Hussain’s journey redefined the tabla’s place in music and culture, making it a beacon of unity and innovation. His unparalleled contributions resonate as a timeless rhythm, inspiring and uniting the world through music.

P.V. Narasimha Rao played a pivotal role in building a modern and vibrant India through his transformative policies and leadership during his tenure as the ninth Prime Minister of India from 1991 to 1996. In his five-year term, Rao implemented significant economic reforms, navigated through political challenges, and helped shape India's global standing. His contributions to economic liberalization, foreign policy, and welfare programs have had a lasting impact on the country's development.

One of Rao's most notable achievements was his role in spearheading economic liberalization in India. When he took office in 1991, India was facing a severe economic crisis marked by high inflation, a ballooning fiscal deficit, and dwindling foreign exchange reserves. Rao, together with his Finance Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, introduced a series of bold economic reforms known as the "New Economic Policy." These reforms aimed to dismantle the license raj system, promote private sector participation, encourage foreign investment, and liberalize trade and industry.

Under Rao's leadership, India embarked on a path of economic reforms that led to significant structural changes in the country's economy. Key reforms included reducing import tariffs, dismantling industrial licensing, telecom reforms, banking reforms and opening up various sectors to foreign investment. These measures stimulated competition, fostered entrepreneurship, and attracted foreign capital inflows. As a result, India experienced a period of rapid economic growth, with increased industrial output, technological advancements, and improved living standards for many segments of society.

Rao's economic reforms also helped integrate India into the global economy. He actively pursued a policy of globalization and international cooperation, seeking to strengthen India's ties with major economic powers and foster foreign investment. Rao's government initiated negotiations that eventually led to India's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, opening up new opportunities for trade and investment. These efforts helped position India as an emerging global player and laid the foundation for its subsequent economic growth and integration into global value chains.

In addition to his economic achievements, Rao made significant contributions to India's foreign policy. He recognized the importance of fostering friendly relations with neighboring countries and worked towards improving India's diplomatic ties. Rao initiated dialogue with China and signed several agreements, including the Border Peace and Tranquillity Agreement in 1993, which aimed to reduce border tensions between the two countries. He also initiated the Look East Policy, which sought to strengthen India's engagement with Southeast Asian nations and enhance regional cooperation. He strengthened relations with Israel and started a new era in Indo- the Israeli diplomatic journey.

Rao's tenure witnessed several important developments in India's relations with the United States. He visited the US in 1994, marking the first state visit by an Indian Prime Minister in over a decade. This visit helped reinvigorate bilateral ties and laid the groundwork for a closer strategic partnership between the two countries in subsequent years. Rao's government also pursued a policy of nuclear non-proliferation, which contributed to India's improved international standing and eventual recognition as a responsible nuclear power.

Furthermore, Rao prioritized social progress and advocated for inclusive growth. He introduced measures to address social inequalities and uplift marginalized communities. Rao's government implemented affirmative action policies, such as reservations for scheduled castes and tribes in education and government jobs, aimed at empowering historically disadvantaged groups. He also launched the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, which guaranteed 100 days of employment per year for rural households, addressing rural poverty and unemployment. He strengthened the DWACRA program to empower the women of India and a massive rural development program to boost the rural economy.

Rao's leadership during a period of political volatility and chaos was also commendable. As the head of a minority government, he successfully navigated a complex and fragmented political landscape. Rao skilfully managed coalitions and built consensus across party lines to implement key reforms and ensure political stability. His ability to garner support and maintain a delicate balance of power enabled him to push forward with his agenda for change.

In conclusion, P.V. Narasimha Rao not only played a transformative role in shaping the modern and vibrant India we see today but also harbored a deep longing for a peaceful life dedicated to his literary passions. Despite his undeniable impact on the nation's progress, he often expressed his preference for a teaching job over a political career that according to him was a thankless job, believing that pursuing his intellectual interests would have brought him true contentment. The legacy of this departed soul resonates with a grateful nation of over a billion people, as his efforts uplifted the lives of millions of aspiring Indians and laid the foundation for a brighter future.

Inputs from Late PV Narasimha Rao ji son Mr Prabhakar Rao.  

In picture: Padma Vibhushan Sri SM Krishna ji with Prashant Tewari Editor-in-Chief Opinion Express

SM Krishna, a stalwart of Indian politics, is undeniably a real hero of Bangalore and Karnataka. With a career spanning several decades, he has made significant contributions to the growth and development of the region, leaving an indelible mark on its history.

His early life was marked by determination and a thirst for knowledge. He pursued his education with diligence, earning a law degree from Maharaja's College in Mysore. He obtained a law degree from University Law College. Rare in those days, Krishna studied in the United States, graduating from the Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, and The George Washington University Law School in Washington D.C, where he was a Fulbright Scholar.

Soon after his return to India, His foray into politics began in the 1960s when he joined the Indian National Congress and soon emerged as a prominent leader with a progressive vision for Karnataka he was elected to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly in 1962.

Krishna's first major political milestone came in 1992 when he was elected as a Member of Parliament from the Mandya constituency. His exceptional leadership skills and commitment to public service quickly propelled him to higher positions within the party and the government. In 1999, he assumed the role of Chief Minister of Karnataka, a position he held with great distinction for two terms, from 1999 to 2004 and again from 2004 to 2006.

During his tenure as Chief Minister, Krishna spearheaded numerous initiatives that transformed Bangalore and Karnataka into a thriving hub of technology, innovation, and economic progress. He recognized the potential of the information technology (IT) sector and played a pivotal role in positioning Bangalore as the Silicon Valley of India. Through strategic policies and proactive measures, he attracted global IT giants to set up their operations in the city, creating employment opportunities and fostering technological advancements.

Krishna's visionary leadership extended beyond the IT sector. He championed infrastructure development projects that bolstered the state's overall growth. Under his guidance, Bangalore witnessed the construction of flyovers, modernization of roads, and improvements in public transportation systems, making it a more liveable and accessible city. Additionally, he focused on the expansion of educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and the preservation of cultural heritage, all of which contributed to the holistic development of Karnataka.

Apart from his contributions to Bangalore's transformation, Krishna played a crucial role in shaping the state's governance and policies. He implemented administrative reforms, ensuring transparency, efficiency, and accountability in the government machinery. His emphasis on good governance and the welfare of the people earned him immense popularity and admiration among the citizens of Karnataka.

Krishna's accomplishments extended beyond the borders of Karnataka. As India's Minister of External Affairs from 2009 to 2012, he effectively represented the nation on the global stage. He played a pivotal role in strengthening India's diplomatic ties with various countries, promoting trade and investment, and projecting India's interests on key international issues. Krishna's diplomatic acumen and statesmanship were instrumental in enhancing India's image and influence in the international arena.

Even after retiring from active politics, SM Krishna continues to inspire and contribute to society. His vast experience and wisdom are sought after by various organizations and institutions. He remains an influential voice on matters of governance, leadership, and public policy, sharing his insights and guidance with the next generation of leaders.

In conclusion, SM Krishna's legacy as a real hero of Bangalore and Karnataka is undeniable. His visionary leadership, unwavering commitment to public service, and transformative initiatives have left an indelible mark on the region's progress. His contributions to Bangalore's rise as a global IT hub, along with his focus on infrastructure, education, healthcare, and governance, have significantly impacted the lives of the people of Karnataka. Even today, his wisdom and guidance continue to shape the future of the state and inspire generations to come. It is up to the present generations of leaders in Karnataka to get inspired by the life of a living legend and take key lessons to develop the state in a fashion that SM Krishna has shown the road map. 

By Prashant Tewari Editor-in-Chief with Inputs from Mohandas Hedge from Bangalore.