René Descartes’ Cogito Ergo Sum—"I think, therefore I am"—redefined philosophy but left a deeper question unanswered: Who am I? With AI now thinking faster and more efficiently than us, the nature of our identity becomes crucial. Are we just biological supercomputers, or is there something beyond mere computation? Despite scientific progress, we still lack a fundamental grasp of consciousness. Without understanding our awareness, any claim about AI sentience is premature. AI may mimic intelligence, but that does not imply true consciousness. Until we solve this mystery, the essence of human existence remains an open question.

Who am I?

The fundamental flaw in Descartes’s reasoning is that he presupposes the existence of an ‘I’. Instead of proving it, he assumes the conclusion within the statement itself. For centuries, philosophers have pondered upon whether an ‘I’ truly exists and if so, what it is? .

Buddhists and the Advaita school of Hindu thought contend that the concept of a fixed, concrete ‘I’ is an illusion. Rooted in the concept of anatta (no-self), Buddhism argues that human identity is a transient product of various causes and consequences, both physical and mental (skandhas).  Advaita Vedanta, on the other hand, posits that the perception of the individual self is due to ignorance (advidy?), asserting that there is only one ultimate reality (Brahman) that binds us all. In contrast, the Dvaita school of Hinduism argues that every one of us possesses a unique singular consciousness. The materialists, on the other hand, view consciousness and identity as emergent products of one’s body and brain, ceasing with death.

Despite their differences, all theories share a common thread: the unexplained phenomenon of consciousness. Therefore, any exploration of the self must begin by understanding what it truly means to be conscious.

The Hard Problem of Consciousness

The hard problem of consciousness is the challenge of explaining why humans and other organisms have subjective experiences—how matter gives rise to a mind.

The sensations of experience are known as ‘qualia’. Love, for instance, stems from oxytocin firing in the brain, yet science cannot explain how this chemical activity creates the ‘feeling’ of love, or the qualia of love. When listening to your favourite song, neurochemical reactions in the brain process sound. However, despite all we know about sound, we are yet to understand how it transforms into the experience of music.

Artificial intelligence is quite similar to the brain in that both function as computers, processing information and generating outputs based on inputs. While the brain consists of neurons operating through electrochemical means, AI relies on artificial neural networks. However, as far as we know, AI does not generate qualia, or conscious experience. To determine whether this might be possible in the future, we must first understand the nature of qualia in our brains. Unfortunately, meaningful answers remain elusive.

Neuroscientists have developed detailed accounts of what occurs in our brains during various activities, but they remain merely descriptions. What humanity lacks is an explanation. How does electricity transform into experience? How does meat create reality? After all, we are stardust; the matter that constitutes us is scattered throughout the universe. Yet, something about the way it is assembled gives rise to the phenomenon of consciousness. Uncannily, we are conscious beings aware of our own consciousness; minds that know they are minds.

The Hard Problem of Consciousness earns its name because science lacks even the foundation of a coherent answer to it. Philosophers vehemently disagree with each other, while scientists remain largely perplexed.

Embracing the Uncertain

Discussions about AI consciousness are premature because humanity currently lacks the tools to address them. While it would be misguided to rule out the possibility, any discourse on the subject is futile without a prior understanding of the phenomenon of consciousness and the nature of the self. Research and scholarly debates must prioritize solving the hard problem of consciousness and deciphering the genesis of the ‘I’. By integrating both philosophical and scientific approaches we can achieve a deeper understanding of the reality we experience. This endeavour could pave the way for more informed discussions about artificial intelligence and its potential for consciousness.

In the large cityscapes of the 21st century, amidst our fast-paced lives, humanity seems to rush toward closure. As Socrates famously pointed out, true wisdom lies in knowing that one knows nothing. Yet, philosophers who followed him, including Plato and Aristotle, often contradicted his spirit of inquiry, hastily offering answers instead of embracing uncertainty. Perhaps, as Socrates urged, it is time to make peace with the fact that we know nothing – for in that acceptance lies the beginning of true seeking.

Bihar, once the land of Mauryas and Guptas, the cradle of learning with Nalanda and Vikramshila, and the birthplace of great thinkers like Chanakya—has always been at the heart of India's historical and cultural evolution. But look around today, and what do we see? Fields filled with potential, yet farmers struggling to make ends meet. Families are torn apart as young men leave home in search of work elsewhere. The cities swell with migrants while villages fade into oblivion.

It doesn't have to be this way. Bihar has everything it needs to flourish—fertile land, abundant water, skilled artisans, and a heritage of self-reliance. What it lacks is a roadmap, a determined push, and structural reforms that can channel its strengths into a future where Bihar doesn’t just survive but thrives.

Let’s face it—agriculture is the backbone of Bihar. More than 70% of the people depend on farming, yet the system remains outdated. Small landholdings, poor irrigation, and limited market access have kept farmers trapped in a cycle of low productivity and high dependency. But imagine a Bihar where farmers don’t have to leave home to earn a living. Where they can cultivate, process, and sell their produce without being at the mercy of middlemen. Where their children see a future in farming, instead of fleeing to cities in desperation.

The solution? Modernized infrastructure, advanced irrigation techniques, and digital tools like AI-driven soil testing to help farmers increase yield. The West Kosi Project, if properly implemented, can transform water management, ensuring that Bihar’s fields are green year-round instead of being at the mercy of monsoons.

Did you know Bihar produces over 85% of the world’s Makhana (fox nuts)? It’s a superfood, sought after for its nutritional benefits. But despite this dominance, farmers don’t get their fair share. Why? Because the sector is scattered, unorganized, and under-commercialized.

The recently established Makhana Board is a game-changer. Think of it like the Amul model—where farmers collectively own and benefit from the industry. With proper quality certification, branding, export facilitation, and farmer training, Bihar can turn Makhana into a billion-dollar industry. Imagine ‘Bihar Makhana’ labeled on supermarket shelves across the world—bringing prosperity back home, right where it belongs.

Bihar is not just about farming; it’s also about craftsmanship. Bhagalpur Silk is renowned worldwide, but what has been done to elevate the weavers? The answer lies in cooperative economic frameworks, where artisans aren’t just laborers but stakeholders in the industry. By setting up textile hubs, investing in technology, and providing direct market access, Bhagalpur can once again become the ‘Silk City of the World,’ not just of India.

Jute, another forgotten gem, can see a revival too. With the global push for eco-friendly products, Bihar’s jute industry can thrive—if we modernize processing units and link them to domestic and international markets. And most importantly, if we make sure the profits go back to the hands that spin the magic.

With its diverse agricultural produce, Bihar can be more than just a supplier of raw materials—it can be a global food processing and export hub. Creating dedicated Food Export Zones will ensure that farmers don’t just grow food but also gain from its value addition.

Government initiatives and the latest provisions in Budget 2025 signal a shift towards agro-industrialization. But policies mean nothing without execution. This is where close monitoring from the PMO and state administration becomes crucial—to ensure Bihar gets the investments, infrastructure, and institutional support it needs to transform into an agribusiness powerhouse.

Bihar’s rivers have always been its lifelines, yet they remain vastly underutilized. What if we told you that Bihar’s water bodies could create millions of jobs? With strategic investments in fisheries, aquaculture, and inland water transport, the state can boost its ‘Blue Economy.’ Sustainable fishing and modern fish farming techniques can generate wealth while preserving the ecosystem. The Ganga and its tributaries can also serve as efficient waterways—cutting transport costs, boosting trade, and reducing environmental impact. A strong Blue Economy means more jobs at home, fewer migrant laborers, and a stronger Bihar.

The flood-prone regions of Bihar, including the Tal, Chaur, and Maan areas, are often viewed as liabilities, but they hold immense untapped potential. These waterlogged lowlands can be transformed into hubs of sustainable aquaculture and integrated farming. Instead of battling floods, Bihar can learn to harness them—developing a water-based economy that turns seasonal adversity into an advantage. With the right planning, these regions can become highly productive zones for fish farming, lotus cultivation, and integrated paddy-fish culture. This would not only boost rural incomes but also establish Bihar as a leader in India's National Blue Economy. If managed effectively, the floodwaters can be used to recharge groundwater levels, support biodiversity, and create a resilient agricultural model that turns Bihar’s biggest challenge into its greatest strength.

This transformative development is not just economic but also deeply political. With the 2025 Vidhan Sabha elections on the horizon, a shift towards an agriculture-anchored economy can redefine Bihar’s political narrative. Instead of electioneering around caste equations and short-term welfare schemes, Bihar can initiate a development-driven debate, one that shifts the focus to economic empowerment, job creation, and self-sufficiency. This will not only energize the electorate but also strengthen the vision of making Bihar the epicenter of a thriving, cooperative-led economy. Furthermore, such economic revival will directly impact the Home Minister’s ambitious target of eliminating Naxalism by ensuring that discontented youth find stable employment within their own state, reducing the lure of extremism.

Bihar has always been the land of visionaries—whether it was Bhikari Thakur, whose folk theatre echoed the struggles of migration, or Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, whose poetic calls for revolution still inspire the masses. Their voices still resonate with Bihar’s need for transformation. Dinkar’s words, “Samar shesh hai, nahi paap ka bhagi keval vyadh” (The battle is yet to be fought, and the burden of injustice is not for one alone to bear), remind us that Bihar's struggle is far from over—it must fight for its rightful place in India's growth story. Chanakya, the greatest political reformer, laid the foundation of governance rooted in economic stability and strategic foresight, a philosophy that Bihar needs to embrace once again to chart its resurgence.

When we talk about making India a developed country by 2047, it’s impossible to achieve that dream without Bihar rising to its full potential. A weak Bihar keeps India from becoming truly strong. But a Bihar that harnesses its agricultural wealth, its textile heritage, its food industry, and its river economy—that Bihar can be unstoppable.

Bihar doesn’t need sympathy; it needs strategy. It doesn’t need promises; it needs action. And most importantly, it doesn’t need to send its sons and daughters away in search of livelihoods—it needs to build an economy that keeps them rooted, employed, and thriving right at home.

A Viksit Bharat is only possible with a Viksit Bihar. The time to act is now.

Writer Binod Anand, Secretary General, CNRI and Member PM MSP COMMITTEE and Agriculture reforms

Albert Camus, while contemplating the absurdity of life, declares that the ultimate philosophical question of existence is whether life is worth enduring despite its inherent meaninglessness. Perhaps the French philosopher’s observation in The Myth of Sisyphus merits a modern reinterpretation. Trapped in the bureaucratic mazes we craft, the real philosophical question may no longer be whether to end it all, but how many stamps are required to do so. In India, stringent procedural barriers obstruct the implementation of living wills, a tool designed to uphold the right to a dignified death, underscoring the urgent need for legislative reform to simplify the process and ensure that the right is accessible, protected and respected.

The genesis of living wills can be traced back to the 2018 case of Common Cause v. Union of India. This case, while elaborating on the legality of passive euthanasia as established in the 2011 case of Aruna Shanbaug v. Union of India, upheld the validity of living wills and provided detailed guidelines for their implementation. A living will, also known as an advance directive, is a written legal document that authorizes an individual to specify their preferences for medical treatment in the event that they are unable to communicate in the future. It becomes operative, for instance, when the individual is in a vegetative state. Unlike a traditional will or testament, living wills do not deal with the distribution of property.

At present, due to the absence of a dedicated legislative framework, bureaucratic reliance is placed on the guidelines laid down in the Common Cause case for the execution and implementation of living wills in India. While these guidelines are extensively deliberated on paper, India’s socio-economic reality hampers its practical application. Being excessively stringent and cumbersome they are not suited to India’s ground reality. While most legal documents require notarization, a living will involves an exorbitant multi-layered approval process.

Firstly, the living will must be signed by two independent witnesses and countersigned by a Judicial Magistrate of First Class (JMFC). Upon an individual’s incapacitation, two medical boards must be constituted. The first board, formed by the hospital, is tasked with preparing a preliminary opinion. The second board, constituted by the jurisdictional collector, is responsible for providing the final opinion. Both boards are required to include expert doctors with at least 20 years of experience. The second board then communicates its decision to the Jurisdictional JMFC who is required to personally visit the patient and, if satisfied, authorize the living will. Such stringent procedures often prolong suffering and undermine the patient’s autonomy.

In light of this, the Hon’ble Supreme Court revisited the 2018 guidelines to streamline the process and reduce delays. Under the 2023 guidelines, attestation is now permitted by a Notary Public or Gazetted Officer instead of requiring a JMFC. Additionally, a 48-hour limitation is established for decisions of the medical board and the mandatory experience requirement for doctors on these boards has been reduced from 20 years to 5 years.

This marks significant progress, however, further revision is still required. In under-resourced areas where access to specialized medical expertise is limited, assembling two medical boards becomes impractical. Even with the 48-hour deadline, delays are inevitable in cases involving public healthcare systems or complex medical situations. The guidelines also lack clarity, particularly in situations where families disagree with the will.

Heavy reliance on in-person documentation also leaves room for corruption and malpractice. This is in stark contrast to other legal processes such as those concerning voter ID registration, Aadhaar issuance, filing a tax return, etc… that are supported by tech-driven processes. Exacerbating the problem, revocation of a living will obligates the exact same procedure as its execution. This may result in a terminally ill patient falling into a vegetative state before he can revoke his advance directive. While safeguards are important, the current framework is disproportionately complex, violating the test of proportionality.

Such barriers erode individual autonomy, and the resulting delays prolong suffering, thereby violating individual dignity. They also disproportionately affect those without legal or medical resources rendering the right inaccessible for many.

Against this backdrop, legislative intervention is pivotal. In 2023, the Apex Court pulled up the ruling government for not passing a law on passive euthanasia. Countries like Canada and the Netherlands provide models for streamlining such procedures and ensuring accessibility through clear legislation and digital systems. It is high time that India enacts a comprehensive law of its own in line with international standards and principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).

Such legislation can reduce procedural complexity, establish a centralized digital registry and ensure legal aid for marginalized groups, thereby honouring the global commitment to dignified healthcare and the constitutional right to a dignified death. Perhaps, it is time to untangle the red tape that stands in the way. 

Trudeau portrays himself as a feminist, yet his sincerity is open to doubt. He portrays himself as an environmentalist, yet his actions indicate a different reality. He often acts on impulse, “I feel like a mosquito in a nudist colony; I’m uncertain about how to proceed” — This sentiment aptly captures the chaos surrounding Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, who seems more focused on cultivating his public image than addressing his duties. He is excessively hypocritical to even think about resigning.

On Monday, Housing Minister Sean Fraser's resignation announcement was still unfolding when channels were filled with ‘breaking news’ that Chrystia Freeland, Finance Minister, has stepped down from her position, citing differences with PM Trudeau regarding the approach to incoming US President Donald Trump's tariff threats. Freeland, a former journalist who won her first election to Parliament in 2013, became a member of Trudeau's cabinet two years later when the Liberals achieved a sweeping victory, taking on significant roles such as trade and foreign ministry and spearheading free trade negotiations with the EU and the United States.

The latest resignations signal that the Canadian Ministry, which consists of Crown Ministers who are also Members of Parliament, is losing faith in Trudeau's leadership. Freeland’s letter to Trudeau stands out as the most commendable action she has taken. Both women, like Solicitor General Jody Wilson-Raybould, disregarded common sense and their legal obligations to Canadians.

Canadians are weary of Trudeau's "shoddy leadership.". He portrays himself as a feminist, yet his sincerity is open to doubt. He portrays himself as an environmentalist, yet his actions indicate a different reality. He often acts on impulse. He tends to elevate his voice towards others when situations do not unfold as he desires. Women in parliament have raised accusations concerning his purported outbursts aimed at them.

Chrystia Freeland’s letter highlights the severity of his “abusive behaviour.” It would be much more appropriate for the letter to originate from Trudeau to the Governor General, resigning from his inadequate position as Prime Minister. Conversely, Fraser's resignation highlights a notable connection between Trudeau's migration policies and the negative effects on the Canadian housing market. The arrival of new migrants has created a demand for housing that is presently lacking. Long-standing Canadians are facing the repercussions as their lenders are requiring increased monthly payments and lengthening amortisation periods — and there is a threshold to how much this can rise.

The present condition of new housing highlights a notable deficiency in affordability, especially in major metropolitan areas like the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) and Vancouver, as well as the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. People are comparing Trudeau to Adolf Hitler in the latter stages of World War II. Everything is falling apart around him, yet he clings to denial about the reality, or maybe he hasn't completely exhausted Canada's resources yet.

He does not demonstrate intelligence. When confronted with questions for which he has no prepared response, he finds himself grappling with his words and is unable to articulate clear answers. He claims that lower-middle-class Canadians do not have to pay taxes. He employs his rehearsed replies even when they are not coherent. His experience seems limited to teaching drama, where he excels at memorising lines but struggles to express ideas beyond them. He may not possess a deep understanding of economics, but he is capable of memorising lines about the topic that resonates with 39 percent of Canadian voters. Trudeau seems to either misunderstand economics or be willing to distort its causes for the sake of electoral advantage. He struggles to manage the budget effectively. The current deficit spending stands at $61.9 billion.

Absolutely! Now, Jagmeet Singh has made a more emphatic declaration that Trudeau must resign. Ultimately, the issue lies with Trudeau himself. He seems to inhabit a different reality where he can deceive, manipulate and mislead Canadians without facing any repercussions. He really ought to have resigned following the last election when he secured his second minority. Even after St-Paul’s, a constituency they have securely maintained for more than 30 years, fell to Conservative Don Stewart.

Following last night's Liberal Christmas party and Trudeau's speech, it seems unlikely that he will ever step down. Nonetheless, I believe his ego will prevent him from stepping down. It seems that his party may ultimately be the one to force him out.
 
Surjit Singh Flora is a veteran journalist and freelance writer based in Brampton, Canada

Every year, India commemorates Constitution Day on November 26 to honor the adoption of its Constitution in 1949. This day celebrates not just a document but the vision of a nation that upholds democracy, justice, equality, and liberty. Among the many who have upheld the spirit of the Constitution over the decades, Dr. Hansraj Bhardwaj, former Law Minister of India, stands out as a guardian of its essence. His unwavering commitment to constitutional values and his role in shaping legal frameworks have left a profound impact on India's democratic fabric. As the Indian parliament debates on the constitution, we must remember the legends who stood strong to safeguard the spirit of constitution. 

The Significance of Constitution Day

The Indian Constitution, drafted under the visionary leadership of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, is the bedrock of the nation's democracy. It outlines citizens' fundamental rights and duties and provides the framework for governance. Constitution Day serves as a reminder of these principles, urging every citizen to uphold the values of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. This day also celebrates the role of individuals who have defended and strengthened the Constitution, ensuring its relevance in an evolving socio-political landscape. Dr. Hansraj Bhardwaj is one such individual whose contributions have fortified India's legal and constitutional ethos.

Dr. Hansraj Bhardwaj: A Lifelong Custodian of Constitutional Ideals

Born in 1937 in Rohtak, Haryana, Dr. Hansraj Bhardwaj embarked on a journey of public service that spanned over four decades. A legal luminary and a seasoned parliamentarian, he served as India’s Law Minister for a record five terms (1984-1989, 1991-1996, and 2004-2009), making him the longest-serving Law Minister in independent India. Dr. Bhardwaj was renowned for his profound understanding of constitutional law and his ability to navigate complex legal issues while adhering to democratic principles. Significant contributions to legal reforms marked his tenure, the protection of fundamental rights, and the safeguarding of judicial independence.

Defending the Spirit of the Constitution

As Law Minister, Dr. Bhardwaj played a pivotal role in ensuring that the Constitution remained a living document, responsive to the needs of the people. He was instrumental in: Dr. Bhardwaj was a staunch advocate for judicial independence. Recognizing the judiciary as the cornerstone of democracy, he championed reforms to enhance its efficiency and accessibility. Under his leadership, significant efforts were made to modernize court infrastructure and reduce case backlogs. Dr. Bhardwaj oversaw the introduction and passage of several landmark legislations, including those aimed at social justice, women's empowerment, and minority rights. His tenure reflected a commitment to bridging the gap between constitutional ideals and societal realities. A believer in inclusive governance, Dr. Bhardwaj actively worked to uphold the constitutional mandate of social justice. He supported policies that addressed systemic inequalities and ensured the protection of marginalized communities. During politically turbulent times, Dr. Bhardwaj stood as a defender of constitutional integrity. Whether addressing issues of federalism, the misuse of constitutional provisions, or executive overreach, he consistently prioritized the rule of law.

Legacy as a Constitutional Statesman

Dr. Bhardwaj's contributions extended beyond his tenure as Law Minister. As the Governor of Karnataka (2009-2014), he continued to uphold constitutional principles, even when faced with political challenges. His tenure was marked by a steadfast commitment to neutrality and adherence to constitutional propriety, exemplifying the role of a governor as envisioned by the framers of the Constitution.

As India observes Constitution Day, the legacy of leaders like Dr. Hansraj Bhardwaj serves as an enduring reminder of the need to safeguard constitutional values. In an era where democratic institutions face increasing challenges, his life’s work underscores the importance of integrity, legal acumen, and a commitment to justice. Dr. Bhardwaj's unwavering belief in the Constitution as a transformative instrument resonates with the ideals enshrined in the Preamble. His efforts to balance individual rights with collective welfare, to protect minorities, and to uphold the independence of the judiciary remain benchmarks for policymakers and legal practitioners.

Conclusion

Constitution Day is not merely a day of reflection; it is a call to action. It urges every citizen to uphold the principles that define India as a democracy. Leaders like Dr. Hansraj Bhardwaj exemplify the courage and wisdom needed to navigate the complexities of governance while staying true to the constitutional vision. As we pay tribute to the framers of the Constitution, let us also honor the guardians who ensure its continued relevance. Dr. Bhardwaj's legacy as a custodian of constitutional essence is a beacon of inspiration, reminding us of our collective responsibility to build a just, equitable, and inclusive society.

“What I would like to do is to leave behind a sustainable entity of a set of companies that operate in an exemplary manner in terms of ethics, values and continue what our ancestors left behind.” Ratan Naval Tata

On 9th October 2024, at exactly 11.30 pm IST,  the towering 5 feet 10 inches tall Surat born Parsee industrialist-philanthropist Padma Vibhushan Ratan (meaning “precious jewel”) Naval Tata, the Chairman Emeritus and the patriarch of the House of Tata, the largest business conglomerate in India (having a staggering annual revenue of over 165 billion US Dollars and encompassing a grand well knit family of over 1 million happy, well cared for and dedicated members worldwide!), breathed his last at the iconic Beach Candy Hospital nestled atop the Arabian Sea facing Cumballa Hill (popularly called “Diplomat’s Hill” or “Ambassador’s Row” and home to the most prominent billionaires in Mumbai, including my old friend Mukesh Ambani) at the age of 86.  He was hospitalised on 7th October, 2024 owing to a critical combination of senescence and hypotension. It was in the very same hospital that my very dear titanic friend and sincere well-wisher Dhirajlal “Dhirubhai” Hirachand Ambani passed away way back on 7th July 2002. At the time of his death, Ratan held a 0.83 percent stake in Tata Sons and had a net worth of Rs 7,900 crores. A large part of his wealth—nearly 75 percent—was tied to his shares in Tata Sons. For Ratan, accolades poured in from across the country and from all corners of the world in a torrential stream. In an impassioned eulogy that reflected the melancholy mood of a shattered nation, our Prime Minister Narendra Modi tweeted - “Shri Ratan Tata was a visionary business leader, a compassionate soul, and an extraordinary human being. He provided stable leadership to one of India’s oldest and most prestigious business houses. At the same time, his contribution went beyond the boardroom. He endeared himself to several people thanks to his humility, kindness and an unwavering commitment to making our society better.”

On 10th October 2024, Eric Garcetti, the US Ambassador to India, lamented the death of the former architecture and structural engineering graduate from the Cornell University College of Architecture, University of California (in 2008, Ratan gifted Cornell University $50 million, becoming the largest international donor in the university’s history!) and the graduate in architecture from the University of California, Berkeley (named after George Berkeley, the distinguished Anglo-Irish philosopher, known as “Bishop Berkeley”, and in collaboration with which Ratan set up the UC-RNT Fund primarily to back Indian startups) who had completed the Advanced Management Program at Harvard Business School, “He was one of those people whose vision was as limitless as the horizon, who helped show what was possible in India and what was possible in the world.” On 13th October 2024, the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin “Bibi” Netanyahu condoled Ratan’s death and highlighted his immense contributions to foster Israel-India ties, “I and many in Israel mourn the loss of Ratan Tata, a proud son of India and a champion of the friendship between our two countries.” On 14th October 2024, Padma Bhushan Natarajan Chandrasekaran, (popularly known as “Chandra”), the most worthy successor of Ratan (he effortlessly stepped into Ratan’s distinguished shoes and proudly donned his enviable mantle on 12th January 2017!) and my personal friend for over 15 years since my heady days as a long term Advisor to Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. (“TCS”), the flagship of the prodigious Tata fleet, paid an effusive heartfelt homage to his former boss and mentor, “Anybody who met Mr. Tata came away with a story about his humanity, warmth, and dreams for India. There was no one like him.” 

Joseph Bitner Wirthlin, the renowned American businessman and religious leader rightly observed, “Some memories are unforgettable, remaining ever vivid and heartwarming!” In a moment of helpless nostalgia, my mind goes back irresistibly to the rather sultry summer day in the year 1986 when I fortuitously met Ratan (he was then the Chairman of Tata Industries and had in that capacity drafted the Tata Strategic Plan) for the very first time within the majestic confines of the Taj Palace Hotel, the only “palace” hotel in the national capital since 1983. I briefly introduced myself to Ratan telling him four distinct facets about myself : (a) I was a limb of the law and my senior and guru was Asoke Kumar Sen (“Asoke Mamu”), the then Union Law Minister in the Cabinet of my charismatic friend Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (“Rajiv Bhai”), and the undisputed leader of the Indian Bar; (b) the two topmost Parsee lawyers of the country viz. Nanabhoy “Nani” Ardeshir Palkhivala, one of the inextricable doyens of the House of Tata, and Uncle Fali, were not only close to me and Asoke Mamu but were my professional heroes and role-models; (c) I was a close friend and fervent associate of  “PV” Narasimha Rao, the then Union Minister of Home Affairs, who was my steadfast mentor and father figure (“Uncle PV”); and (d) I had a close association with Tata Steel and in particular with Russi Mody, its effervescent foodaholic Chairman & Managing Director, whom I had introduced to Uncle PV and who had scrupulously mulled the idea of using my voice for a documentary film entitled “Tata Steel - Challenge of the 80s” as the narrator because he felt (in all seriousness!) that I possessed a “Voice of Steel”. Ratan looked visibly impressed and disclosed to me that he had indeed seen the film on Tata Steel on one of his numerous visits to Jamshedpur.

Ratan often stayed at a modest guest house in the Tata Apartments at 23, Prithviraj Road, New Delhi. During those vibrant days, Uncle PV, residing at 9, Motilal Nehru Marg, frequently visited the iconic coffee shop Machan in Taj Mansingh Hotel. There, he would catch up with friends like me over endless cups of freshly brewed, sugar-free filter coffee, accompanied by steamed idlis and vadas soaked in mild sambar. If Ratan happened to be at the hotel during these visits, he never missed the opportunity to greet Uncle PV, whom he deeply admired. After Uncle PV assumed the role of Prime Minister on 21 June, 1991, following the tragic assassination of Rajiv Bhai on 21 May 1991, but before moving into the official residence at 7, Race Course Road (now Lok Kalyan Marg), a special suite was arranged for his family and close associates at the Taj Mansingh Hotel. This arrangement, facilitated through Ratan's efforts, ensured the comfort and security of Uncle PV's family. The suite was guarded round the clock by the Special Protection Group (SPG), and Ratan personally oversaw their well-being during their stay. I had the extraordinary privilege of staying with Uncle PV at his residence even before he became the Prime Minister, a position that would later redefine the country's destiny. As a frequent visitor to the Taj Mansingh suite, I often interacted with Uncle PV’s sons, Rajeshwar and Prabhakar, under the vigilant watch of SPG personnel. It was there that I first met one of my close friend Prashant Tewari, who worked closely with Uncle PV and Hansraj Bhardwaj, co-ordinating key developments during that pivotal period. Ratan, as always, proved to be a gracious and hospitable host throughout these memorable interactions.

On 26th November, 2008, “a date which will live in infamy”, Mumbai, the financial capital of India, witnessed a brutal, dastardly terrorist attack orchestrated by the Pakistani sponsored group Lashkar-e-Taiba, when the Indian Home Secretary Madukar Gupta, by an ominous coincidence, was enjoying Pakistan’s hospitality in Murree, a mountain resort city close to Islamabad. Ten highly trained and heavily armed terrorists infiltrated the city, having stealthily landed in inflatable speed boats at Macchimar Nagar, in Mumbai's Cuffe Parade neighbourhood, and heinously targeted several meticulously planned locations, including the Taj Mahal Palace.  The Indian Government’s response to the attack was “pusillanimous”, as aptly observed by the Hindustan Times on 26th November, 2023! Lamentably, the UPA Government was being led by a weak, diffident, rudderless and indecisive Prime Minister Manmohan Singh (who had blamed his mentor Uncle PV for the massacre of Sikhs in 1984 without a shred of evidence and had done precious little to bring the perpetrators of the genocide to book or alleviate the suffering of the victims, particularly widows!), reminiscent of Sir Arthur  Neville Chamberlain at the outbreak of the Second World War. The attack claimed 166 lives, including 33 at the Taj Mahal Palace, and did not spare even the General Manager of the hotel Karambir Singh Kang’s wife Niti and his two young teenage sons Uday and Samar. Gautam Shantilal Adani, the Indian billionaire businessman (who has recently been in the eye of a storm!), by a superb stroke of luck, managed to save himself by hiding in the kitchen of the hotel! Defying all odds, it was Ratan who in a truly Churchillian manner valiantly rose to the occasion and provided the much-needed leadership to an embattled nation facing an “ordeal of the most grievous kind”! In the face of the attack watched by a shell-shocked nation, Ratan, who was then 70, displayed superhuman courage, resolve and determination. He strode like a colossus and stood like the Rock of Gibraltar at the Colaba end of the Taj Mahal Palace for 3 days, as security forces fiercely battled the terrorists in the Taj Mahal Palace. Everyone became just those inches taller, every back just that much broader, as Ratan’s own was. This was undoubtedly Ratan’s finest hour when he embodied the will, spirit and grit of our people..indomitable, undaunted, relentless!

I have a myriad of friends who knew Ratan intimately and worked with him closely. All of them are unquestionably ad idem about Ratan: “He was a genuinely good, dedicated and large-hearted soul filled with the milk of human kindness and  our age is hardly fit to understand him.” At the same time, I can assert, without mincing words, that there are many unscrupulous men and women, including foreign nationals, who conveniently basked in the warmth of Ratan’s sunshine, recklessly flaunted, dropped or exploited his name for personal gain and private considerations in India and even beyond its frontiers and promoted, projected and publicised themselves by misusing his name thereby bringing unspeakable disgrace, dishonour and discredit to Ratan and the House of Tata. It is heartening to note that Chandra has managed to astutely keep at bay all such persons in the best interests of the House of Tata!

Be that as it may, we should remember the stellar quality of Ratan’s character as well as the remarkable range of his achievements. In his love of adventure and his imaginative powers, he was far removed from the modern industrialist-philanthropist. Yet everyone who came in contact with him paid tribute to the unimaginable power of his mind. He had an aptitude for business which raised him far above the ordinary levels of our generation. He had a firmness of spirit that was not often elated by success, seldom downcast by failure and never swayed by panic.  He loved life and was perfectly at peace with himself and the world around him. He could be helplessly uproarious. He wanted everyone to be happy. He wanted to taste and try everything that life could offer. Power never corrupted him, nor did success make him conceited, arrogant, or pompous. Beyond his reputation as a business magnate and animal lover, Ratan’s tenure as Chairman of the Tata Trusts has left an inerasable mark on India’s cultural kaleidoscope. The trusts have spearheaded numerous initiatives across healthcare, education, environment and disaster relief and their manifold contributions to art and culture stand out as particularly noteworthy. With no thought of the length of time he might be permitted on Planet Earth, Ratan was concerned solely with the quality of the service he could render to his nation and humanity.

I cannot do better than conclude with Modi’s emotional tribute in the press and media on 9th November 2024:

“As we remember him today, we are reminded of the society he envisioned—where business can serve as a force for good, where every individual’s potential is valued and where progress is measured in the well-being and happiness of all. He remains alive in the lives he touched and the dreams he nurtured. Generations will be grateful to him for making India a better, kinder and more hopeful place.”

The author is an internationally reputed senior lawyer practicing in the Supreme Court of India and various High Courts and Tribunals in India.

The cooperative model, rooted in mutual collaboration and community-centric development, has played a pivotal role in shaping the socio-economic landscape of India. As the country navigates challenges of economic inequality, rural underdevelopment, and employment creation, cooperatives offer a sustainable framework to empower communities and promote inclusive growth. This article explores the evolution of the cooperative model, its future opportunities, policy advancements, technological integration, and how it is poised to transform India’s rural economy.

The cooperative movement in India began during the colonial era, primarily to address agrarian distress. The Cooperative Societies Act of 1904 marked the formal establishment of this framework, enabling credit cooperatives to tackle usurious lending practices. Post-independence, cooperatives became integral to India’s Five-Year Plans, especially in sectors like agriculture, dairy, and small-scale industries.

The success of initiatives like the White Revolution, driven by dairy cooperatives under the leadership of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) and institutions like Amul, showcased the transformative potential of the cooperative model. Over the decades, the scope of cooperatives expanded to include housing, labor, fisheries, handlooms, and banking. Today, India boasts over 8 lakh cooperative societies, contributing significantly to rural employment, agricultural output, and financial inclusion. However, challenges like lack of professionalism, limited technological adoption, and bureaucratic inefficiencies continue to impede their full potential.

Future Opportunities in the Cooperative Sector
The cooperative model holds immense promise in fostering economic equality and social welfare. Some of the key opportunities include:

1. Agri-Tech and Value-Added Farming
Cooperatives can serve as conduits for farmers to adopt agri-tech solutions like precision farming, soil health monitoring, and smart irrigation. By pooling resources, small and marginal farmers can invest in technology and access high-value markets, boosting productivity and profitability.

2. Strengthening Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)
With government support, cooperatives can evolve into robust Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), helping farmers collectively procure inputs, access credit, and sell produce at competitive prices. This will reduce exploitation by intermediaries and increase farmer incomes.

3. Renewable Energy Cooperatives
The renewable energy sector, particularly solar and biomass energy, offers lucrative opportunities for cooperatives. By setting up community-owned energy projects, rural areas can achieve energy self-sufficiency while creating local employment.

4. Women-Led Cooperatives
Women’s participation in cooperatives can be a game-changer, especially in sectors like self-help groups (SHGs), crafts, and dairy. Empowering women through cooperatives will not only enhance household incomes but also contribute to broader social equity.

5. Export-Oriented Initiatives
With adequate policy support, cooperatives can tap into international markets, especially for organic produce, handicrafts, and textiles. Branding and marketing initiatives can help rural producers gain global recognition.

Policy and Collaborative Ecosystem
A supportive policy environment is critical for the cooperative sector's growth. Key areas of focus include:

1. Legal and Institutional Reforms
Modernizing the legal framework governing cooperatives is essential to ensure transparency, accountability, and efficiency. The recently established Ministry of Cooperation aims to streamline policy interventions and bolster the sector's capabilities.

2. Credit and Financial Inclusion
Access to affordable credit remains a challenge for many cooperatives. Policies must prioritize cooperative banks and microfinance institutions to ensure liquidity and financial support for rural enterprises.

3. Collaborative Public-Private Models
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) can bring much-needed expertise, innovation, and capital to cooperatives. Corporates can collaborate with cooperatives under their CSR initiatives to develop skills, technology, and market linkages.

4. Capacity Building and Training
Skill development and leadership training for cooperative members and leaders can foster professionalism. Collaborations with educational institutions and NGOs can help in building a strong knowledge base.

5. Digital Integration
The government’s push for a Digital India can be leveraged to digitize cooperative operations, ensuring transparency, real-time monitoring, and access to e-markets.

Technological Integration: The Game-Changer
The integration of technology in cooperatives is pivotal for their modernization and efficiency. Some promising technological avenues include:

1. Digital Platforms for Market Linkages
E-commerce platforms can connect rural producers directly with consumers, eliminating middlemen and ensuring fair prices. Platforms like eNAM (National Agriculture Market) can be further strengthened for cooperative participation.

2. Blockchain for Transparency
Blockchain technology can be used to maintain transparent records of transactions, inventory, and member contributions, ensuring trust and accountability within cooperatives.

3. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Agriculture
AI-powered tools for weather prediction, pest control, and crop management can help cooperatives optimize agricultural output.

4. Mobile Banking and Digital Payments
Mobile-based financial services can enhance the operational efficiency of cooperative banks, making financial transactions seamless for rural members.

5. Data Analytics for Decision-Making
Data-driven insights can guide cooperatives in resource allocation, market trends, and demand forecasting, improving their competitiveness.

Transforming the Indian Rural Economy
The cooperative model is uniquely positioned to address the multifaceted challenges of India’s rural economy. Its potential impacts include:

1. Employment Generation
By organizing local resources and creating value chains, cooperatives can generate sustainable employment opportunities in rural areas, reducing migration to urban centers.

2. Enhancing Agricultural Productivity
Through collective farming, access to modern technology, and better supply chain management, cooperatives can significantly boost agricultural productivity and rural incomes.

3. Financial Inclusion
Cooperative banks and credit societies play a crucial role in providing affordable credit to underserved rural populations, fostering entrepreneurial activities.

4. Empowerment of Marginalized Groups
Cooperatives create a platform for marginalized communities, including women and tribal populations, to participate in economic activities, enhancing their social and economic status.

5. Promoting Sustainable Development
From renewable energy projects to organic farming, cooperatives can champion sustainable practices, contributing to environmental conservation and climate resilience.

Roadmap Ahead
The roadmap for strengthening India’s cooperative sector involves a multi-pronged approach:

Policy Push: Implementing targeted policies to modernize the legal and financial frameworks of cooperatives.
Capacity Building: Fostering leadership and management skills within cooperatives to drive innovation and growth.
Tech-Driven Solutions: Leveraging digital tools to enhance operational efficiency, transparency, and market access.
Collaborative Models: Encouraging partnerships with corporates, NGOs, and international agencies for knowledge-sharing and investment.
Monitoring and Accountability: Establishing mechanisms to ensure accountability, minimize corruption, and promote good governance in cooperative societies.

Conclusion
The rise of the cooperative economic framework represents a paradigm shift in how India approaches inclusive development. By empowering communities, promoting equitable resource distribution, and leveraging technology, cooperatives can bridge the rural-urban divide and drive sustainable growth. As India aspires to become a $5 trillion economy, strengthening the cooperative model will not only uplift millions of rural livelihoods but also reinforce the nation’s commitment to self-reliance and shared prosperity. The future of India’s rural economy lies in the power of collective effort—where every hand contributes, and every hand benefits.

Standing tall, with a simple elegant dress, an unforgettably graceful smile and his presence well felt by millions at various moments, is a sheer contrast to the business outlook of Shri Ratan Tata. It wouldn’t be wrong if I call him an able successor to the “Father of Indian Industries” who left us with a big void yet a life full of lessons that are testimonials for the current and coming generations. For all those who followed him, were inspired and influenced by him, who are now feeling hopeless, not knowing the way forward; we must understand that Shri Ratan Tata continues to live a life of ethics and philosophies in our lives that’s etched in our memories for time immemorial. From the morning tea you sip, the car you move around with, the steel bars and railings you hold, the schools your children go to, the insurance that you pay bills, and the coffee meeting you hold, there are moments in every step that you take that reminds you that Tata is a legacy to thank and beyond. While his established group of companies and organizations follow the “Tata Culture” to the core, the newer ones are far from emulating the same approach. The man behind the largest industrial set-up in India, a bigger international deal maker and a humble man next door has been easily approachable and accessible to not just the Business community but also young innovative minds.

Tata Culture- imbibes core values in terms of “Building Trust & Relationship” to the extent that the term ‘Tata’ is synonymous to “trust”, only if the lexicographers wish to add this term today to the dictionary. Humanity, Employee benefits & safety, transparency in business, Ethical Leadership, Empathy towards the poor and the animals alike etc., have been well established across various verticals in the Tata world. Tata Trusts- better exhibits these value systems by contributing to education, healthcare, and technology startups. The trusts (2014) - perhaps a method to enable contributions to various sectors whilst continuing his business successes. Knowing his philanthropical DNA, this also may have been his rendezvous to connect with the needy community in the country.

The stories and memes gushing through the internet since his absence from the quintessential Bollywood star Amitabh Bachchan to a humble professor at IISc who was spearheading the faculty entrepreneurship while Mr. Ratan Tata was the President of the Court of IISc; are substantial proof of this visionary entrepreneur as an innovative adventurer and a go-to friend when in need. One can only wonder about the reasons behind his industrious life goals, Beautiful Mind, thoughtful leadership, humble life and sincerity in every word and commitment in every walk. He’s established it very well that life is not a bed of roses but with thorns, and one must be courageous to handle the ordeal even if it means contradicting the world’s best; recollecting the launch of Tata Indica, was or is it a failure to recon even today? Let’s take Nano Car for example- a project that no one could believe was a possibility, the Ford that once refused to shake hands with Mr. Tata but as the name goes Endeavour belongs here with the Tata as remarkable a conquest as Everest, followed by Starbucks who never felt the need for its presence in India is now the landmark FNB joint across the country. There are many such ventures which Mr. Tata risked himself to go beyond boundaries and expressed the audacity of how a simple thought can manifest into larger achievement- Jaguar Land Rover, Corus Steel, Tata Tea- Tetley etc are a few names in this category. It could be sheer patriotism, resilience, or business astute who looks at the world as a large playground to be the heroic player.

While he has bagged the best of awards for his exemplary achievements in the past, he never stopped there; instead, he continued to keep an open mind to engage with the young minds, their innovations, and their creativity and opened doors for newer ideas to evolve- his investments in tech start-ups like Ola & Paytm were historic in the investor’s domain. How can one forget the MotoPaws Story- when Shantanu Naidu devised an idea to save dogs from being hit by speeding vehicles at night? He made reflective collars and invested his money to start the initiative. A video of dogs wearing reflective collars in Pune went viral on the internet. When Ratan Tata, who is a passionate dog lover, came across this initiative through a video and he immediately arranged a meeting with Shantanu. The rest is history.

There could be volumes of information that’s today accessible by everyone and there are a few chapters that speak about his intimate relations with old and new colleagues alike, this marks the humility and learner’s mind beyond a businessman title that he has adorned for decades. His life is as a child, adult, entrepreneur, leading businessman, negotiator, a deal maker etc., each is a story in itself with lots of ideologies, philosophies, knowledge and business studies too to name a few. Mr. Ratan Tata continues to live like an Ocean, and every drop from this Ocean is a day you wish to steal.

Mr. Ratan Tata is an embodiment of Ethics, Integrity, Culture, Patriotism, Humanity, Righteousness, thoughtful human, leadership and Virtue which seems to have evolved into an Aura that touched all our lives in one way or the other. His words of wisdom shall continue to float on the internet and his legacy shall remain unscathed forever in our hearts. Hence, no TATA for Ratan Tata!

Every time he climbed the ladder of success, he gave away something to society in return for nurturing the lower community and helping them in education, health, and labour just as generously. I wonder if that was one of the mantras for a successful entrepreneur or if it was a strategy to plan newer projects to make historic entries in the book of innovative business and successful leadership, remember the Nano Car story!

In just a month, the United States will head to the polls, and the world is closely watching as the 2024 presidential race unfolds. The Republicans have once again nominated Donald Trump, while the Democrats, after President Joe Biden stepped aside due to health concerns, have officially backed Vice President Kamala Harris as their candidate. This strategic delay in Biden’s exit may have been designed to divert Republican efforts and resources, some analysts suggest, but now the race is on, and the future of the U.S. presidency hangs in the balance.

Kamala Harris’s candidacy raises important questions about her chances of success. Biden’s influence on her campaign will be significant, tying her to both his accomplishments and his shortcomings. However, she brings her own set of strengths, including her extensive political experience as a senator, prosecutor, and vice president, along with her unique identity as an Asian-American and Black woman. Yet, much like former President Obama, her “Blackness” dominates the narrative, even though her multicultural background plays a crucial role in her appeal.

The big question remains: Could Kamala Harris become the first Black female president of the United States? She faces challenges, but her diverse identity and political track record may attract voters across different demographics. However, some critics suggest her nomination is more about meeting diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) requirements than competence, which could pose hurdles. Additionally, detractors have labeled her as a "DEI hire," an accusation that might resonate with certain conservative voters.

Harris's educational background, having attended Howard University, one of the most prestigious historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs), adds to her credentials, but it contrasts with Obama’s Harvard pedigree, leaving some to wonder if her university experience will impact her candidacy. Another challenge she faces is personal—accusations about not having biological children, despite her role as a stepmother, with some attacking her as part of a "childless cat ladies" narrative. While this seems trivial, in a country with strong conservative undercurrents, such issues could resonate with certain voters.

On policy, Harris may struggle to define herself. Critics point to her background as a prosecutor, questioning whether it will be viewed seriously or just as a punchline in Trump's campaign rhetoric. Furthermore, foreign policy could be a weak point, as Republicans are likely to hammer home critiques of the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and other foreign policy decisions made under the Biden administration. Immigration, too, is a hot-button issue that Republicans are using to link her to unpopular decisions.

Trump, on the other hand, will be emphasizing his strong political base, nationalist appeal, and his perceived successes during his previous presidency, especially regarding the economy and his hardline stance on China. His connection to white, working-class voters remains strong, and his recent health scare and legal battles have only solidified his image as a political fighter. However, Trump’s divisive rhetoric, especially against immigrants and Muslims, is reminiscent of authoritarian tactics seen elsewhere. He continues to use inflammatory language, such as describing Democrats as radical leftists and calling for the defeat of Marxism, socialism, and communism.

If Harris wins, some argue it won’t bring a dramatic shift in U.S. policies, especially since foreign and domestic policies rarely undergo major changes when the presidency changes hands in America. However, if Trump is reelected, the consequences could be far-reaching, both for the U.S. and the world.

As the race tightens, Kamala’s choice for vice president will be critical. A strong running mate, perhaps someone like Gavin Newsom, who complements her experience and identity, could bolster her campaign. Newsom’s leadership in a solidly Democratic state would be crucial in shoring up the party’s strongholds, especially in the 18 blue wall states that Trump has been targeting.

The outcome of this election will have significant implications beyond U.S. borders. Republicans and Democrats have distinct policies on trade, foreign investment, and immigration, all of which will affect relations with countries like India and African nations. As Trump and Harris both gear up for their campaigns, the world is watching closely. The possibility of the first Black, Asian, and female president in U.S. history is tantalizing, but her path to victory is far from certain.

Ultimately, the outcome of this election will shape not only America’s future but also the global landscape. The world waits to see if the U.S. is ready to embrace this historic moment.